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J 



TERMINATIONAL DICTIONARY 



OF 



LATIN SUBSTANTIVES, 



IN WHICH THE WORDS ARE ARRANGED ACCORDING 
TO THEIR ENDINGS. 



BY 



BENJAMIN DAWS ON, B.A. 



AND 



WILLIAM RUSHTON, M.A. 

LATE UNIVERSITY SCHOLAR IN THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON. 



LONDON : 




LONGMAN. BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMAN, 

PATERNOSTER ROW. 



1850. 






S" 



LONDON: 

JAQUES AND SON, PRINTERS, KENTON STREET, 
BRUNSWICK SQUARE. 



PEBFACE. 



The design of this work is to assist the student of Ety- 
mology in ascertaining the true derivation and composition 
of the words of the Latin language. That such an object 
is important will be readily admitted, and our only care 
need be to prove that our book is calculated to further 
this end. 

Until recent times the most distinguished scholars would 
seem to have, viewed Etymology as a kind of literary 
puzzle, wherein every one was to exercise his ingenuity 
and make the best guess he could. Mere resemblance 
was taken as a guide, without any consideration how such 
resemblance arose. Thus what is manifestly a termination 
was often taken for a root. A few examples of the ety- 
mologies offered by the scholars of former ages will clearly 
prove this, and whilst amusing by their absurdity, furnish 
a strong argument in favour of a work constructed on 
such a principle as this now put forth. 

Aestimare or Aestumare. This verb is referred by 
Vossius to aere r^av (timan) ' to put a money value upon 
anything.' This explanation is rejected by Forcellini, who 
adds some useful observations about the termination, which 
he compares with the adjective endings timus or tumus* 

Ager ' a field/ according to Varro, is derived from ago 
1 I do or act/ " quod in eo agatur, because in it something 
is done." 

Fatisco < I gape or split/ is said to be from fatim hisco 
' I gape abundantly.' Hera we have a good example of 



IV 



the error referred to. Sco or isco is not unusual as a verb- 
ending, tremiscOj &c. Hisco itself is an example, the root 
is hi, as seen in Mare ' to yawn/ in Greek ^* (chi), or 
%at (chai), x aim ' I yawn.' What the root fat really is, 
is quite another question and one not easily answered ; there 
is however nothing to justify a reference to fatim. 

Formica, according to Isidorus, is an amalgamation of 
"quodjfera£ micas f arris, which bears the grains of corn."* 

Fretum is supposed to be a contraction of fervetum, 
because " in straits the waves are always agitated," in spite 
of the difference of quantity. 2 

Fur ' a thief/ is derived by Varro from furvus { dark,' 
because " thieves steal in the dark ; " but it would be just 
as reasonable to say that furvus was from fur, because 
whatever is thievish is concealed and therefore dark. 

Graculus * a jackdaw/ was supposed by Varro to be 
from the word grex, gregis ' a flock,' because they fly in 
flocks gregatim. Festus refers graculus to the verb gerere, 
and supposes it was originally geraculus, because "they carry 
the corn seeds," or because tc they carry off from the olive 
yards two olives in their claws and one in their mouths." 

Indutiae or Tnduciae ' a truce/ is explained by some 
to be inde uti jam joined into one word, for the following 
reason : " quod sit pactum, ut ante certam diem ne pugne- 
tur$ ex eo die postea uti jam omnia belli jure agantur, 
because an agreement is made that before a certain day 



1 This is contrary to fact; but the absurdity of the etymology does 
not depend upon this, the ancients universally believed that ants did 
eat corn and lay up a store for the winter. 

2 But a reference to p. 60 will show that the termination etum is 
joined to the stems of substantives and not to those of verbs, hence the 
imaginary word furv-etum is formed upon a false analogy; and if it is 
proposed to divide it furve-tum, p. 59 will show that there is no such 
form as a derivative from verbs of the second conjugation. 



there is to be no fighting ; from that day forward all things 
as heretofore are to be upon a war footing." Others suppose 
the word to be " from initus or introitus, as though it were 
initiae, because during the truce the hostile parties yisit 
(ineant) one another's camp." Well may Forcellini re- 
mark that this is grammatical trifling. Others, he proceeds, 
wish to read induciae, and refer it to in and ducere, because 
" the soldiers are not led against the enemy." 

Recipero or Recupero. The explanation of this word 
found in Forcellini, which is not refuted, but appears rather 
to be received by him, is re and paro, the syllable ci after- 
wards changed to cu, having been inserted. 1 

Can the student deduce any general principles from an 
examination of these examples ? Undoubtedly not. All is 
bewildering guess-work — no principle can be discovered — 
there is no rule to guide us. Sensible men therefore, seeing 
the folly and absurdity of such fanciful conjectures, have 
often abandoned the study of etymology entirely, as childish 
waste of time. But instead of being deterred or led astray 
by the nonsense of which we have given a few examples, 
let us see if we cannot advance towards the certainty of 
science. " Like Botany or Zoology, the science of language 
is founded upon natural causes, and if it were studied upon 
the same principles which have been so successful in the 
hands of Linnaeus and Cuvier, it would be found to present 
results equally certain and regular." 2 

First then we would observe that the principle upon which 
all scientific investigation depends is Comparison. It is only 
by comparing resemblances and noting differences that we 

1 But why should it not be a compound of re and cap of capere ? 
Reciiperare is ' to get again.' That er is a common verbal termination 
will be seen from the lists on p. 86, toleratio, &c. from verbs in erare, 

2 Quarterly Journal of Education, vol. 1, p. 89. 



VI 

can arrive at a safe conclusion. The more extended the 
comparison the safer will be the conclusion. We should if 
possible, have all the facts before us, then indeed the liability 
to error is sensibly diminished. The process is mathematical 
and might be mathematically expressed, it is however at the 
same time common and easily comprehended, viz., the com- 
parison of two things one with the other, that it may at the 
same time be seen what is common to both and what peculiar 
to each. The business of the etymologist will therefore be 
to collect and classify words for the purpose of Comparison. 
( ' A general classification, embracing the whole vocabulary of 
the Latin, or any other language, ancient or modern, would 
be at once the safest foundation for the inquiries of the phi- 
lologist, and the most powerful aid to the beginner." 1 

The question will then arise, upon what principle shall 
this classification be made. In which part of the word is 
the similarity to be established, in which the difference. The 
Greek and Latin, and many other languages have been 
arranged according to roots. The Dictionaries of Scapula, 
Gesner, Salmon, &c. give all the derivatives from each 
simple word under that word itself. And on exactly the 
opposite principle we have, in Greek, Hoogeven's work ; 
in English, Walker's Rhyming Dictionary ; French, Italian, 
Spanish, German, and other modern languages have all 
been so arranged, but no Latin Dictionary upon this plan 
has, we believe, ever yet appeared. To supply this want 
then we now offer the following pages, in which words 
having the same termination are classed together. We do 
not propose ours as a rhyming dictionary although it is one, 
but whatever value may attach to the rhyming dictionaries 
of modern languages, independently of their importance to 
the verse-maker, must surely attach to this. The plan of 

1 Quarterly Journal of Education, vol. 1, p. 89. 



Vll 



collecting together all words which contain the same root 
is highly useful and important; it is manifestly suited for 
ascertaining the meaning of the root. But if the object be 
to determine the force of that part of the word which pre- 
cedes or follows the root, this system of classification is 
useless unless combined with another; since conclusions 
drawn from solitary examples are generally fallacious. It 
is therefore obvious that before the signification of any ter- 
mination can be ascertained — nay even what the termination 
really is, — lists more or less copious, of words in which it 
is found, must be prepared. And this is our object — to aid 
the student in determining the terminations of Latin words, 
and what is their distinctive meaning. There are it is true 
many words which present no difficulty, in which it may be 
seen at a glance how much is root, how much termination ; 
but this is not always the case, we have already noticed 
some instances where grammarians have mistaken a mere 
ending for a separate word, and when doubtful and difficult 
words are met with the value of these lists will be felt. Take 
for example the word specula ; there are two words so spelt, 
specula and specula ; the use of ula as a diminutive is very 
common ; cula also has the same force ; — spes ' hope/ spe- 
cula i a little hope / but in specula there is no diminutive 
signification, and moreover there is no substantive spec or 
spe from which this word, denoting ' a watch-tower or other 
watch-place,' could come. The difficulty is removed by 
a reference to p. 16, where we find that ula, though fre- 
quently a diminutive and affixed to substantives, is also 
joined to verbal roots and signifies an instrument. Still 
more striking is the result obtained upon p. 18, where it is 
seen that subula 6 a needle/ ought to be divided su-bula and 
referred to the root su of su-ere ' to sew/ the termination 
hula denoting an instrument. There are many other ter- 



vm 

minations which have a different meaning according to the 
part of speech to which they are added, e.g. ina, p. 21. 

It would be moreover interesting and useful to know 
what was the original force of the terminations ; whether, 
at any period of the language, they were independent words ; 
how they have become altered in process of time, &c. For 
all such inquiries it is absolutely necessary that the words 
be classified according to their endings. In the English 
language the variation is slight, and we can easily recognize 
the origin of many of the terminations ; the word full for 
instance is seen mjoy-ful, beauti-ful ; like remains unaltered 
in god-like, and appears (modified according to the regular 
principle observable in tracing modern languages from their 
parent tongues, the dropping of gutturals) as ly in godrly, 
love-ly, and so on. But in Latin, change of letters is more 
common and old forms become obscured, so that it very 
frequently happens that the meaning of a termination can 
only be ascertained by a comparison of several words in 
which it occurs. Take an example, what is the meaning 
of arius ? p. 33 gives us argentavius l money-dealer/ co- 
lumb-arius l dove-keeper/ &c. There are many instances 
where arius is equivalent to our 'keeper' or 'dealer.' 
Again avium, p. 50, api-avium 'bee-stall,' carn-arium 
1 meat-rack or stand,' pom-avium l fruit-garden or store,' &c. 
where avium plainly means ' a place where anything is 
kept.' It may at once be answered that avius, avia, avium 
were originally adjective endings ; but what force have they 
with adjectives, and what is their origin ? Such questions 
our book is intended to raise ; we do not undertake to answer 
them, we only prepare the way, we furnish that without 
which investigation could not safely proceed. Nor can such 
questions be properly answered, except by a comparison of 
the terminations in the Greek and other languages. 



IX 

This mode of comparison not only ascertains what are the 
terminations and what their signification, but also assists in 
determining the roots. The two processes it is manifest are 
closely connected, if it is known how much of a word is root, 
it must be evident how much remains to be accounted for, 
how much is termination ; and on the other hand, if we 
have ascertained how much is termination, we have before 
us the remainining part as the root, or rather in very many 
instances as a modification of the root. 

Not only is it important to know to what parts of speech 
the terminations are added, but also to what forms of the 
words they are affixed. Our dictionaries and grammars, pre- 
sent every substantive to our notice, in the nominative case of 
the singular number, and every verb in the first person of the 
same number. 1 It therefore necessarily follows, that these 
forms assume an undue importance in our eyes, and it would 
be but a natural consequence if the student should suppose 
that the terminations were affixed to these all important 
forms. In fact, some words have been thus explained by 
the learned. 2 Before, however, entering upon this question, 
it will be well to explain the meaning of certain terms. 

By the Root, we mean the simplest element, the ultimate 
origin, of a word ; thus, due is the root of due, duc-tum, 
e-duc-are, &c, and in the same way reg is the root of reg-o, 
reg-alis, cor-rec-tor, &c. Roots, if we knew them all in their 
simplest form would probably be found to be monosyllables. 3 
If you take a verb or noun, whether of two or more syllables, 
and remove all case and tense endings, you arrive at a form 



1 Absurdly enough, the first person singular is given in Latin and the 
infinitive mood in English, and a learner sees that amo means ' to love;' 
either the Latin should be pinnted in the infinitive mood, which would in 
fact save room, or the English should be given in the first person. 

2 See Abdomen, p. 73. 

3 "The element or root is generally a monosyllable." Long's 
Cicero's Cato Major, &c, Preface p. 15. 



which is common to all parts of that verb or noun, you arrive 
at what has been called by some the Declinable Form, by 
others the Crude Form, but which we have preferred de- 
signating the Stem. Our term is, at least, as intelligible 
to the uninitiated, and keeps up the metaphor of that 
universally applied to the primary element, viz., the Root — 
a root by acquisition becomes a stem or trunk. In short 
words it often happens that the stem and root are identical, 
but in the majority of instances the stem is a longer form 
than the root. An example will serve to make our mean- 
ing clear — we know that ped is a root, we can trace it 
through many languages, our foot is exactly the same 
word ; in pes, ped-is, ped-i, &c, the root and stem are 
the same ped ; on the other hand in pedit-em, pedit-es, 
&c, we have the same root ped, but the stem, that which 
remains when the case endings have been removed, is pedit. 
The stem is readily perceived when it terminates in a con- 
sonant ; when it ends in a vowel more difficulty would be 
experienced : we have prefixed to some of the declensions 
the reasons why they are said to terminate in a, o, i, u, and e. 1 
To return then to the subject of junctions. To what form 
of the word is the termination affixed ? Or, again, in the 
case of compound words, where two distinct words are joined 
together, to what part of the former word is the latter at- 
tached ? We have already said it is not the nominative case. 
Is it then the genitive ? We have heard words so explained ; 
but let us look at a few examples, take the compounds matri- 
cid-ium, tyranni-cid-ium, &c, if tyranni is the genitive of 
tyrannus, matri must be the dative of mater, and why should 

1 Professor Key's Latin Grammar is written on the crude form system, 
and in the preface a dictionary on the same principle is promised. Mr. 
Kobson's Constructive Latin Exercises and Dr. Allen's Greek Exercises 
are on the same plan. To these works the student is referred for further 
particulars concerning the system. 



XI 

the genitive be used in one case, the dative in another ? Per- 
haps it may be answered in the words of that notable rule 
for the formation of comparatives and superlatives, because 
it is " the first case that ends in if but what reasonable 
explanation can be given for such a singularly arbitrary law ? 
And again, even this convenient rule would be of no avail in 
cav-aedium or silvi-cola. But why should these words be in 
any case at all ? Even in English, in the only real case, the 
Possessive — we find the contrary to be the rule. The school 
grammar before us says, " when two or more nouns are so 
closely connected as to form one complex notion, the apos- 
trophe and s is added to the last word only, as Ward and 
Tyndall's shop." The truth of this sentence no one will deny. 
In compound Latin words exactly the same principle is ob- 
servable. The words we have mentioned are in no case at 
all. No case is needed ; if any were it would be the ac- 
cusative. What then are the forms in question ? There is 
but one solution, and that is reasonable and undoubtedly 
the true one — the stems or crude forms. 

All junctions must happen under one of the following con 
ditions, the two parts must bring into juxta-position, either (a) 
two vowels, (0) two consonants, (y) a vowel and a consonant 
or (£) a consonant and a vowel. In the first case, if a ter- 
mination is affixed to a noun, the latter drops the final vowel, 
as anima, anim-ula ; in verbs compounded with a preposi- 
tion the vowels generally coalesce, as co-ag-o, cogoy though in 
manv in stances there is a diaeresis, as c'dactus. In the second 
case, (j8) both consonants sometimes remain, as soror-cula, 
often subject to euphonic changes, caused by the attracting 
power of the initial letter of the root, particularly the case in 
words compounded with prepositions, as sup-pos-itus ; in 
other instances the two parts are connected by a vowel, which 
is invariably i the thinnest and that which can be most rapidly 



Xll 



pronounced when it occurs in the middle of a word; 1 in 
other instances the final consonant of the former part is 
dropped, thus from ration we have ratio-cinium not ratio-i- 
cinium. In the third case, (y) in the composition of verbs 
the vowel of the preposition remains, as de-fer-o ; but if the 
former word is a substantive or adjective the vowel of the 
stem disappears and the connecting % is substituted, as magn- 
i-fic-entia, aequ-i-noct-ium, where the stems are magno, 
aequo ; so also from versu there is vers-i-culus. In the last 
case, (^) no change takes place, as per-utilis. 

As to the explanation of these facts there may be 
difference of opinion. The question is whether when the 
stem ends in a vowel, that vowel is as a general principle 
elided, and the j)arts joined together by i f or whether as a 
rule the vowel of the crude form remains and appears in 
compound and derivative words in the corrupted form t. 
The majority of instances would seem to lead to the former, 
whilst some particular words such as primo-pilus, spe-cula, 
febri-cula, &c, favour the latter explanation. This is the 
theory held by Professor Key. But till the terminations 
have been fully investigated we can hardly feel certain on 
the point. Mr. Key explains dimnus as divo-inus, pomona 
as pomo-na or pomo-ina, but is he justified in so doing ? 
is there not a termination ina, ona, &c. ? The theory that 
the vowel of the stem is dropped is reasonable enough, that 
vowel is affixed to make the word declinable, that the case 
endings may be attached, for when the stem ends in that 
kind of consonant which allows the case endings to be joined 
to it, no vowel is used. The practical difference caused by 

1 The reason of the invariable use of i in such cases, will be seen by 
observing the natural order of the vowels as established by Mr. Willis, 
viz., i, e, a, 0, u, or u.o,a,e,i, according to the continental pronun- 
ciation, which is the sound always given to i when it does not by itself 
form the first syllable of a word. See Cambridge Philosophical Trans- 
actions, 3. 231, and Key's Alphabet, p. 22. 



xm 



the two opinions in a book like this is that Professor Key 
would probably print our lists ina, ina, and ona as one, 
and perhaps he is right; another is, that he would divide 
thus, navi-cula, api-cula, instead of nav-i-cula, ap-i-cula, but 
we consider it more important to show the root than the stem. 
These then are the advantages we contemplated in the 
compilation of a Latin Terminational Dictionary. 1. To 
ascertain what the terminations really are ; 2. what is their 
signification ; 3. to what parts of speech they are affixed ; 
4. to what forms of the words they are attached ; 5. whether 
a termination has always the same force, or whether it varies 
according to the part of speech to which it is added \ 6. to 
compare one termination with another, to see which were 
common in the older authors, which in the later ; 7. to raise 
conjectures as to the origin of the terminations ; 8. to assist 
in determining the root, and 9. to show the philosophical 
construction of language, that it may be studied philo- 
sophically, and so its value as a system of training increased. 

EXPLANATION OF THE METHOD OF ARRANGEMENT. 

For convenience of arrangement we have divided all 
words into two classes, (I) Simples and (II) Compounds. 
By Simples we mean words containing one root and a 
termination, whether the word be a primitive or a deriva- 
tive 5 or in other words, whether there are or are not letters 
or syllables between the root and the final termination. By 
Compounds we mean words in which more than one dis- 
tinct root is seen, or in which there is one root and a 
prefixed preposition. The Simples are arranged alpha- 
betically, according to the initial consonant of the word ; 
the Compounds on the same plan, but according to the 
initial consonant of the last element or root of the word. 
In each declension the terminations are arranged alpha- 
b 



XIV 



betically, beginning from the end, thus a, then ac, aci, 
then ae, and so on, always beginning at the end; they 
are however printed the direct way, a, ca, ica, ea, &c. 
AnnuluSy for example, is of the Second or O Declension 
and masculine gender, it must therefore be sought some- 
where between pp. 28 and 42. Now spelling the word 
backwards we have sulunna ; if therefore the word is not 
found under su, or us as it is printed, it must be looked 
for under sul or lus ; if not there, under sulu or ulus, 
where annulus will be found, p. 36. It will often happen 
that the student knows at once in which list to expect a 
word. We have given the Nominative or Genitive, as 
well as the Stem, for the convenience of all parties. 

We do not profess to give the roots, but we have en- 
deavoured to assist the student and to excite investigation 
by subdividing the words. This would have altered the 
character of our book, for no work should attempt to give 
Latin roots without explaining at length the euphonic 
changes which each undergoes ; nor would a work of this 
nature be complete unless it compared the roots of the 
Latin with those of other languages. 

It may happen that our mode of subdividing some words 
will cause surprise ; some too which are commonly con- 
sidered simple words will be found amongst Compounds. 
The scholar also may not always agree with our division. 
We have not ourselves always placed the words in the lists 
to which we believe they properly belong ; we thought it 
undesirable to give at length our explanation of such words, 
and therefore submitted to custom and generally received 
opinion rather than adopt a division which without ex- 
planation, would seem unreasonable and erroneous. Some 
might have wished the lists still more minutely classified ; 
this the tutor will find a useful exercise for his pupils. The 



XV 



method adopted by Hoogeven is clearly objectionable ; he 
arranges not according to suffixes, but according to the 
letters in which the word happens to end ; thus o&* {odd) 
' an ode/ is, according to him, a word ending in da. 

We do not profess to be always consistent in our sub- 
division of words, we have not aimed at it ; perfect con- 
sistency in a work of this kind is unattainable without first 
determining all the roots. A greater degree of consistency 
however was undoubtedly attainable, but we considered 
it unimportant, or perhaps with respect to the younger 
student positively injurious. But let us not be misunder- 
stood on the subject of derivation. It will be seen for 
instance, that consequentia is thus divided con-sequ-entia ; 
but by this it is in no way meant to be intimated that the 
word is formed from sequ-entia by prefixing the preposition 
con. This error must be carefully guarded against. From 
sequor we have sequens and hence sequentia, and again from 
sequor we have consequor, hence consequens, and from that 
consequentia. The student who has been well taught will 
be in no danger of falling into error on this subject. 

We have marked the quantities throughout in order to 
impress them upon the memory. In etymology quantity 
is of great importance, and the common practice of pro- 
nouncing upon an English system of accentuation should 
be carefully avoided; wrong ideas of quantity are thereby 
engendered, which either in studying the etymology of 
words or in analysing verses are great hindrances and 
often lead to error. We would further caution against 
the common method of dividing words in scanning verses. 
We extract these lines from Carey's " Latin Prosody Made 
Easy;" the same error will be found in other works : 

Trahunt | que sic | cas ma j chinas carl J nas Hor. 

Msece | nas ataviis | edite re | gibiis Hor. 



XVI 



These examples are taken at random, and it would be easy 
to find others if possible still worse. Surety it cannot be 
more erroneous to write hin-gly in English than re-gibus 
in Latin, reg is the root and not to be divided any more 
than hing. We would therefore recommend the teacher 
always to require his pupils to divide the words ety- 
mologically, as well as with reference to the laws of 
metre ; it will be found an improving exercise, thus, 
Trahunt j que sice J as mach [ inae carin j as 
Maecen | as atavis | edite reg | Tbiis 

Our work has been compiled from the Lexicon of For- 
cellini. We have omitted words which are not found in 
classic authors, but most of those used by Pliny and 
Columella are introduced. We had indeed digested the 
whole of the Lexicon of Forcellini according to our plan, 
but the press of more urgent engagements has induced us to 
publish nouns only. For the quantities we have consulted 
the il Thesaurus Poeticus Linguae Latinae" of Quicherat, 
and the edition of Forcellini by Furnaletto, 1828-33. 

To the peculiarly suggestive method of teaching pursued 
by Mr. Long while he so ably filled the Latin chair in 
University College, London, we owe the idea of this book ; 
two years ago we found each had independently com- 
menced it. We are moreover indebted to him for one or 
two practical suggestions since going to press. Professor 
Key's kindness we would also acknowledge. To other 
distinguished scholars who have inspected some of our 
proofs, and to Mr. Robson, we tender our warmest thanks. 

An Index of Terminations will be found at p. 129. 

Explanation of marks : — 
* Of Greek origin. 

f Found only in the old writers, or on inscriptions. 
X Of rare occurrence. 



FIRST OR A DECLENSION. 



FEMININES. 

Nominative ends in A. Stem ends in a. 
The letter a is used to denote the Feminine Gender. 

i. Simples. 

aboll-a calig-a *crapul-a 

acerr-a jCalth-a crepid-a 

agn-a calv-a cret-a 

al-a cas-a cup-a 6 

alap-a JcassTd-a cur-a 

alaud-a caud-a *cymb-a 

alut-a caul-ae de-a 

ans-a cell-a dic-a 

aqu-a cer-a dir-ae 

aquil-a cetr-a equ-a 

ar-a 1 *chart— a eruc-a 

*aul-a *chord-a fab— a 

aur-a cicad-a fal-a 

bacc-a *cist-a fer-a 

barb-a *cithar-a 4 F15r-a 

bet-a client-a ford-a 7 

blatt-a coen-a form-a 8 

Jbo-a columb-a fug-a 

bracc-a 2 com-a fund-a 

bucc-a 2 _ *conch-a tgalb-a 

fbulg-a Jcop-a 5 gall-a 

bull-a coqu-a *gaz-a 

bur-a 3 cost-a gemm-a 

cal-end-ae cox-a gen-ae 

1 There is an old form asa. 

2 These words are sometimes written with one c. 

3 Also burls. 4 Whence perhaps guitar. 5 Or cu r pa. 
6 Sometimes written cuppa. 7 Anciently horda. 

8 Forma is perhaps the same as the Greek morfe {(j.o^ri) 

B 



FIRST OR A DECLENSION, FEMININES. 



Jgerr-ae 

gibb-a 

gleb-a 

gul-a 
jham-a 

har-a 

hast-a 

heder-a 

her-a 

herb-a 
Jhir-a 

hor-a 

hosp-it-a 
*hydr-a 

Ir-a 

jiib-a 

laen-a 
|lam-a 

lan-a 

lapp-a 

le-a 

len-a 
*lepr-ae 

lim-a 

lingu-a 

lir-a 
tlor-a 1 

lun-a 

lup-a 

lymph-a 
*lyr-a 

maen— a 

mal-a 

mamm-a 

mapp-a 



Ive ends in a. 


Stem ends in a. 


marr-a 


parr-a 


mass-a 


penn-a 


| matt— a 


*per-a 


mend-a 


pern-a 


merd— a 


*petr-a 


raerend— a 


pic-a 


merg-ae 


pil-a 


met-a 


pil— a 


mlc-a 


pinn-a 


*mlin-a 


*plag-a 


*mm— a 


plag-a 


mm-ae 


plant-a 2 


*mitr-a 


*poen-a 


mol-a 


*pomp-a 


mor— a 


porc-a 


mul-a 


praed-a 


*mus-a 


*pror-a 


musc-a 


{pu-er-a 


*myrrh-a 

V 


pulp-a 


nass-a 


|pup-a 


Non-ae 


* pur-pur— a 


norm— a 


fpus-a 


not-a 


rall-a 


niig— ae 


ran-a 


* nymph— a 


rhed-a 


obb-a 


fric-a 


*obruss-a 


rip-a 


off-a 


ros-a 


oll-a 


rot-a 


6r-a 


rag—a 


*orc-a 


fruni-a 3 


pal— a 


rata 


pall-a 


sag-a 


Parc-ae 


sagitta 


parm-a 


Jsann-a 



1 Also lorea. 

2 It has been suggested that the same root is traceable in the follow- 
ing words : pal(m)-a the flat of the hand, pal-am openly, pa{n)d-ere 
to lay open or flat, pla{u)d-ere to strike the flat of the hands together, 
pla-nt-a the flat or sole of the foot, pla{n)-us flat. 

3 Besides this form we find also rumis and rumen n. 



FIRST OR A DECLENSION, FEMININES. 





Nominative ends in a. 


Stem ends in a. 


sap-a 
jsard-a 


spir-a 
spond-a 


turm-a 
ftur-und— a 


satur-a 1 


*squam— a 


vacc-a 


satyr-a 1 


* squill— a 6 


valv-ae 


Jscaev-a 
seal— ae 


steg-a 
stell-a 


vapp-a 
ven-a 


*scen-a 


stiv-a 


vesp-a 


*schem-a 2 


*stol-a 


vi-a 


*schol-a 


Jstren-a 


vill-a 


scop-ae 
scrof-a 


*stupp-a 7 
sur— a 


virg-a 
vitt-a 


*scytal-a s 
ser-a 


taed-a 
talp-a 


uln-a 
ulv-a 


serr-a 


taur— a 


ul-iil— a 


serv-a 


tens-a 8 


umbr-a 


set-a 


terr-a 


und-a 


slc-a 


tesser-a 


Jvol-a 


sTli'qu-a 
silv-a 


*tiar-a 9 
tog-a 


Jup-up— a 
urn— a 


*sospit-a 4 


trah-a 10 


uv— a 


*spath-a 3 


tric-ae 


vulv-a 11 


sphaer-a 


ftru— a 


*ze-a 


spic-a s 


tub — a 


*zon-a 


spm-a 


turb-a 





Corruda as the name of a herb occurs in Cato and Columella. 

There are two curious words mus-cerda, su-cerda, which sig- 
nify the excrements of mice and swine. Whether the word eerdo 
(stem cerdon) has any connection with this form cerda, may be 
worth enquiring. 

Suada, or Suad-ela, means ' the goddess of persuasion.' With 
this compare Epona 'the goddess of horses/ Lua 'the goddess of 
purification/ and Morta an epithet applied to one of the Fates. 



1 Very probably the same word. 2 There is also schema, atis, n. 

3 TheJjrcek case endings are also found, e, es. 

4 Perhaps a compound from a-w; (sos) 'safe' and pit 'come/ a root which 
appears as bit in some compounds in Plautus, perbitere, adbitere, &c. 

5 There are also spicus, and spicum. 6 Also written scilla. 
7 Also written stupa. 8 Or thensa. 

9 There is also tiaras, ae, m. i0 And trahea. n Also written volva. 



4 FIRST OR A DECLENSION, FEMININES. 

Nominative ends in a. Stem ends in a. 

ii. a. Compounds. 

Man}'- of these are little more than feminines of adjective forms. 



pro- cell-a 
idi- cm— a 
tibi- cm-a 
Jin- cumb-a 
semi- de-a 
prae- f lc-a 
vene- f lc-a 
JcalcT- frag-a 
ossi- frag— a 
in- ful-a 1 
privi- gn-a 2 
semi- hor-a 
sesqui- hor-a 



Jab- lg-a 
b- ig-a 3 
quadr- ig-ae 3 
sub- lic-a 
jbi-sulci- lingu— a 
noctT- liic— a 
re- mor-a 
| sesqui- op-er— a 
primi- par— a 
JcentT- ped-a 
decern- ped-a 
Jmille- ped-a 
puer- per-a 



re- pet-und-a 
sanda- pila 
X sesqui- plag-a 
fa- plud-a 4 
domi- port-a 

co- piila 

| pro- sed-a 

| re- sed-a 

haru- spic-a 

anti- stit— a 

sangui- sug-a 

in- sul-a 1 

paen-in- siil-a 1 



Ovid has a word variously read subnilba and succiiba. 

j3 Greek Compounds. 
am-plior-a cleps-ydr-a meta-plior-a 

cata-st-a 5 ep-i-stol-a 



i. Simples. 
aurig-a 6 and 7 
dam-a 7 
lix-a 
nep-a 8 



MASCULINES. 

pop-a 
scrib-a 
scurr-a 
tat-a 



tiar-as 9 
vern-a 7 



1 Most probably, infula from in-fud, insula from in-sed, cf. consul 
from con-sed-ere. 

2 This is probably a compound formed of primo the stem of primus, 
and the root gen ' born/ and signifies ' one born of a former marriage' — 
the change of m for v, and the reverse, is not without example, thus pro- 
mulgare from stem vidgo (vulgus). 

3 Ulpian uses a word triga ; compare the masculine auriga. 

4 Or applauda. 

5 The a seems to be both root and termination cf. ensifer, &c. 

6 We do not know what to do with this word. Whether it be a simple 
or a compound we leave for the student's consideration. 

7 It is sometimes feminine. 8 And nom. nepas. 
9 Also tiara, p. 3. 



FIRST OR A DECLENSION, MASCULINES. 



Nominative ends in a. Stem ends in a. 



ii. Compounds. (Used for both genders.) 

The verb-stems which appear in these words are worthy of 
notice: as, cid (from caed) 'cut/ 'kill'; col 'till/ 'dwell, 



cherish' 



gen 'born/ 



begotten.' 



cibT- 

fratri- 

homl- 

lapi- 

ligni- 

matri- 

parri- 

sorori- 

tyranni- 

ao 

agi-i- 

amni- 

coeli- 

in- 

latebri- 

marti- 

monti- 

plebi- 



cid-a 
cid-a 
cid-a 
cid-a 
cid-a 
cid-a 
cid-a 
cid-a 
cid-a 
col-a 
col-a 
col-a 
col-a 
col-a 
col-a 
col-a 
col-a 
col-a 



Popli- 

I'uri- 

sacri- 

Jsilvi- 

neri- 

luci- 

lucri- 

per- 

trans- 

aheni- 

angui- 

auri- 

draconi- 

Graju- 

Jani- 

igm- 

indi- 



col-a 1 

col-a 

col-a 

col-a 

fiig-a 

fusr-a 

filg-a 

fug-a 

ftig-a 

gen-a 

gen-a 

gen-a 

gen-a 

gen-a 

gen-a 

gen— a 

gen-a 2 



marti- 

Nlli- 

nubT- 

ruri- 

serpenti- 

tem- 

uni- 

col- 

foffici- 

agri- 

legi- 

vesti- 

flagri- 

ulmi- 

ad- 

con- 

con- 



gen-a 

£en— a 

gen-a 

gen-a 

gen-a 

gen-a 

gen-a 

leg-a 

perd-a 

pet-a 

rup-a 3 

spic-a 

trib-a 4 

trib-a 4 

ven-a . 

ven-a 

viv-a 



Perenticida is used by Plautus for " qui peram caedit." 

Umbraticola is found in Plautus, and servilicola in a doubtful 
passage of that author. 

Scrupeda, 'one who walks painfully/ occurs in Varro, and a 
fragment of Plautus. 



1 Also, Publicola. The uncontracted form would be Populi-cola. 

2 Indi is the old preposition indo or endo, which appears in the form 
endo-perator, an antiquated form of imperator. 

3 The forms, nom. legirupus and legirupio occur. 

4 Found in Plautus. 



6 



FIRST OR A DECLENSION, FEMININES. 



Nominative ends in ca. Stem ends in ca. 

ca seems to be originally an adjective termination ; at least the 
words in ica and tea would lead to that conclusion. 



amur— ca 
es-ca 1 



fur-ca 



juven-ca 



clo-aca 


aca 
lingul-aca 


Ipastm-aca 


al-ica 
* arithm-et-ica 2 
brass-ica 


ica 
* gramm-at-ica 2 
lucan-ica 4 
man-icae 


sciit— ica 
tiin— ica 
vill-ica 


-} can-icae 
fab-r-ica 
fala-r-ica 
for-ica 3 


mant-ica 
ped— ica 
pert-ica 
Jrid-ica 


vom-ica 


*dia-lec-t-ica 2 is the 
only compound. 


am-ica 

form-ica 

lec-t-ica 


ica 
lor-ica 
rub-r-ica 


ves-ica 
urt-ica 


sali-unca 


unca 
spel-unca 




labr-u-sca 
mar-i-sca 


sea 
Jmoll-u-sca 


po-sca 


carr-uca 
fest-uca 


ilea 
lact-uca 
mastr-uca 5 


*samb-uca 
verr-uca 



fist-uca 

Pliny has the words verbenaca and porcilaca names of plants* 

Respublica is an instance of two declinable words written toge- 
ther : we have not put it in the list. Publica is nothing more than 
an adjective ; a contraction of populica. 



1 The root is ed ' eat/ hence we divide es-ca ; below we write po-sca 
horn 2)0 'drink.' 

2 These words are also found with the Greek case-endings e, es. 

3 The root for appears in n. pi. foria, which according to Nonius 
means { stercora liquidiora.' Compare the uncommon words foriolus and 
conforio. 

4 A feminine of an adjective form derived from the proper name 
Lucanus. So we find Liburnica or Liburna ' a pinnace' ; and Gallicae 
i a kind of slippers.' 5 Also written mastruga. 



FIRST OR A DECLENSION,— FEMININES. 



MASCULINES. 

Nominative ends in da. Stem end* in da. 

The following words end in ida, in imitation of the Greek ter- 
mination t$ng% They occur chiefly in Plautus. 



i. Simples. 

rap-ac-ida 1 
«toIc-ida 



ii. Compounds. 

cruri- crep-ida 
plagT- pat-ida 



FEMININES. 

Nominative ends in ea. Stem ends in ea. 

This termination does not seem to convey any meaning different 
from that conveyed by simple a. 



ador-ea 


gal-ea 


paus-ea 4 


al-ea 


gan-ea 


pic-ea 


aran— ea 


glar-ea 


fsculp-on-eae 


ard-ea 


fgran-ea 


sirp-ea 3 


ar-ea 


thirn-ea 


sol-ea 


*baln-eae 


*!d-ea 


stor-ea 6 


bax-eae 


lanc-ea 


tal-ea 


bract-ea 


laur-ea 


taur-ea 


capr-ea 


lin-ea 


tm— ea 


castan-ea 


*nau-s-ea 


trab-ea 


cav-ea 2 


Jnau-t-ea 


trah-ea 


*chor-ea 3 


ocr-ea 


*trochl-ea 


*cochl-ea 


61-ea 


vin-ea 


fov-ea 2 


*ostr-ea 


Jvm-ac— ea 7 


fram-ea 


pal-ea 




1 Or rapacides, ae. 






2 Probably cavea fr 


om the root cad (i: 


af. cadere) ' fall/ and fovea 



from fod {ini. f ode re) ' dig.' 

3 More generally found with e long, chorea. 

4 And pausia. 5 Also written scirpea. 

6 Also storia. 7 There is also vinacea, oru/n. 



8 



FIRST OR A DECLENSION, — FEMININES. 



Nominative ends in ia. Stem, ends in ia. 

The termination ia, when added to adjectives often, answers to 
our ness, as audac 'bold/ audacia 'boldness,' ; added to nouns 
to our ing or y, thus, custod ' a guard/ custodia l guarding/ 
victor ' a victor/ victoria * victory.' 

I. Simples. 



fac-ia 


tgram-iae 


rmp-t-iae 


ang-ust-ia 


grat-ia 


pat-r-ia 


*antl-ia 


*harm-on-ia 


Jpell-ac-ia 


*arter-ia 


J hern— ia 


per-It-ia 


fasc-ia 


*hist-or-ia 


pliiv-ia 


aud-ac— ia 


I hor-ia 


quisquil-iae 


av-ia 


host-ia 


X ra-ia 


bar-bar-ia 1 


*hydr-ia 


reg-ia 


best-ia 


infer— iae 


\ riib-ia 


Jcaec-il-ia 


Ir-a-cund-ia 


ser-ia 


*cas-ia 


flab-iae 


tsetan-ia 


caus-ia 


lac-in-ia 


sim-ia 


ciiped-ia 2 


lasc-iv-ia 


*spong-ia 


cur— ia 


lix-iv-ia 


Jstlr-ia 


cust-od-ia 


lud-ia 


super-b-ia 


div-it-iae 


mac-er-ia 3 


*taen-ia 


fac-et— iae 


maler-ia 3 


X tam-in-ia 


fa-cund-ia 


man-ub— iae 


ften-ac-ia 


fall-ac-ia 


mater-ia 3 


tib-ia 


fam-il-ia 


mem-or-ia 


lil-ia 


fasc— ia 


mll-it-ia 


ven-ia 


fer-iae 


| rnin-tit-ia 


ver-e-cund— ia 


fer-oc-ia 


mis-er-ia 


Verg-ii-iae 


fid-el-ia 


mod-est-ia 


vic-ia 


fid-uc-ia 


m6l-est-ia 


vic-in-ia 


fil-ia 


miir-ia 


vic-tor— ia 


ffiam-in-ia 


naen-ia 4 


vioj-il-ia 


fur-iae 


noc-s-ia 5 


unc— ia 


glor-ia 


nun-t-ia 6 


- 


Bo- 


•ia has l. * Mastigia is 


masculine. 



1 Also barbaries. 2 See note on cupedia, orum. 

3 Of the Fifth or E Declension also. 

4 Also written nenia. 5 Written noxia. 

6 See note on nuntins; it will he found under Compounds in ius. 



FIRST OR A DECLENSION, FEMININES. 



9 



Nominative ends in ia. Stem ends in ia. 



ii. a. Compounds. 
Jin- an-iae 
Jpro — av-ia 
J sue- cid-ia 
lus- cin-ia 
con- cord-ia 
dis- cord-ia 
miseri- cord— ia 
so- cord-ia 
ve- cord-ia 
ex- cub-iae 
in- cur-ia 
vin- dem-ia 
Jvirgi- dem-ia 
vin- dic-iae 
in- ed— ia 
In- ept-ia 
in- ert-ia 
sol- ert-ia 1 
Jin- fac-et-iae 
in- f am— ia 
Jef- fic-ac-ia 
per- fid-ia 
Jmillg-fol-ia 
of- f ue-ia 
i- gn av-ia 



i- gno-mm-ia 
Jin- grat-ia 
in- jur-ia 
de- lic-ia 
J col- lic-iae 2 
J de- lic-iae 2 
r£- liqu-iae 
a- ment— ia 
de- ment— ia 
J sub- min-ia 
im- mod-est-ia 
Jtri- mod-ia 
Jprae- m5l-est-ia 
c- 6p-ia* 
In- 5p-ia 
im- per-it-ia 
sup- pet-iae 
J cor- rig-ia 
in- san-ia 
X ve- san-ia 
pro- sap-ia 
in- sci-t-ia 
ec- sequ-iae 
Jec- s¥c-ia 4 
Jin- sic-ia 5 



de- sid-ia 
in- sid— iae 
in- somn-ia 
prae- stig-iae 
in- temp-er-iae 
per- tin-ac-ia 
con- tiim-ac-ia 
con- tum-el-ia 
contro- vers-ia 
per- vic-ac-ia 
Jdi- vid-ia 
in- vid-ia 
pro- vinc-ia 
sem- unc-ia 
Jsesc- unc-ia 
| ax- ung-ia 

/3. Greek Comp. 
astro-16g-ia 
astro-nom-ia 
com-oed-ia 
colocas-ia 6 
lau-tum-iae f 
strang-iir-ia 
trag-oed-ia 



The Greek compound elegia has l. 

We find attegia used by Juvenal in the sense of ' a hut : ' Is it 
at-teg-ia ? 

We find a phrase infitias ire 'to deny :' Is it in-fit-ia ? 

In reduvia, induviae,X exuviae, we can trace a relation to induo 
(ere) and exuo (ere), and perhaps the v is part of the termination. 
Though in other words in via, as pluv-ia as well as in the deri- 
vatives from lav and lu, (luv), we take v as part of the root. 



Also found colliquiae and deliquiae. 



1 Also written sollertia. 

3 Contraction of co-op-ia. 

4 Also ac-sic-ia ; written axicia and exicia. 5 Also insicmm. 
6 Sometimes written colucasia: there is also coloeasium, ii. 

1 Sometimes latomiae. 



10 FIRST OR A DECLENSION, FEMININES. 

Nominative ends in ia. Stem ends in ia. 

Under the heading ia., we place those words in which we find a 
participial or adjectival stem immediately before ia : and as they 
are numerous, we keep them in a list by themselves, subdividing 
them into antia and entia. These terminations answer to our ance 
an&ence; with this simple change many of the words become English. 

Again we have subdivided entia into e-ntia and entia, i.e. into 
those coming from verbs which add an e to a root to make a decli- 
nable stem (Second Conjugation), and those in which the e is only 
a connecting vowel joining the termination ntia to the root (Third 
and Fourth Conjugations.) We have, in the lists, printed the 
entia without subdivision, merely for convenience ; they might 
have been printed aud-e — nt-ia, &c, and aud-i — e-nt-ia, &c. So 
also err-antia, &c. might more strictly have been divided 
err-a — nt-ia. 



a-nt-ia 



1. Simples. 

ferr— antia 
flagr-antia 
haes-It-antia 

tjac-t-antia 



Jneg-antia 
pet-ul-antia 
prop-er-antia 
temp-er-antia 



JtTtub-antia 
Jtol-er— antia 
var-i-antia 
-antia 



Vlg-ll- 



11. Compounds. 



Jin- 
dis- 



m- 
i- 

e- 

re- 

ar- 

ob- 

Jin-ob- 

per- 

Jcon- 

dis- 

con- 

re- 



cog-Tt-antia 

crep— antia 

fie— antia 

f-antia 

gno-r-antia 

leg-antia 

pugn-antia 

rog— antia 

serv-antia 

serv— antia 

sever-antia 

slder— antia 

sim-iil-antia 

son-antia 

son-antia 



tab- 

jcircum- 

con- 

in~con- 

di- 

|ex- 

Jin- 

prae- 

Jsub- 

ex- 

in- 

in- 

ab- 

red- 



st-antia 

st-antia 

st-antia 

st-antia 

st-antia 

st-antia 

st-antia 

st-antia 

st-antia 

sup-er-antia 

temp-er-antia 

tol-er-antia 

und— antia 

und-antia 



FIRST OR A DECLENSION, FEMININES. 



11 



Nominative ends in ia. Stem ends in ia. 



e-nt-ia 



i. Simples. 








aud-entia Jhab- 


-entia 




poen-it-entia 


Jcand-entia lic-entia 




poll-entia 


dec-entia J Liib- 


-entia 1 


fval-entia 


ffav-entia 








ii. Compounds. 








X con- dec-entia 




Job- 


tic-entia 


Jin- dec-entia 




re- 


tic-entia 


in- dulg-entia 




abs- 


tin-entia 


in- dol-entia 




con- 


tin-entia 


co- haer-entia 




in-con- 


tin-entia 


ind- ig-entia 




e- 


vid-entia 


e- min-entia 




in- 


vid-entia 


fim- min-entia 




pro- 


vid-entia 2 


pro- min-entia 




pr- 


ud-entia 2 


in- noc-entia 




im-pr- 


iid-entia 2 


J grave- ol-entia 




re- 


ver-entia 


im- pud-entia 




ir-r£- 


vSr-entia 


in- s5l-entia 









i. Simples. 

aud-i-entia 
clem-entia 3 
Jcre-sc-entia 
ess-entia 
fid-entia 
fraud-iil-entia 



ent-ia 

frequ-entia 
jloqu-entia 4 
pat-i-entia 
pest-Tl-entia 
pot-entia 
sap-i-entia 



sc-i-entia 

Jtem-ul-entia 

Jtriic-ul-entia 

Jveh-em-entia 

vin-61-entia 

vi- ol-entia 



1 Or spelt with an i. 

2 Prudentia is a contraction for providentia ; u and v are the same 
letter, — write the word with a u and the difference is little, prouidentia. 

3 Unless it he cZe-ment-ia ; compare a-ment-ia, de-ment-ia and vehe- 
ment-ia. 

4 This word occurs in a passage of Pliny : " A liud eloquentia aliud 
loquentia" a passage worthy the attention of public speakers. 



12 FIRST OR A DECLENSION, FEMININES. 



Nominative ends in ia. Stem ends in ia. 



ii. Compounds. 



Jex- 


cand-esc-entia 


e- 


loqu-entia 


ex- 


cell-entia 


m agni- 


loqu-entia 


{ac- 


cid-en tia 


X stulti- 


loqu-entia 


pro- 


cid-entia 


X suavi- 


loqu-entia 


in- 


clem-entia 


fsuperbi- 


loqu-entia 


Jcon- 


cre-sc-entia 


ftoluti- 


loqu-entia 


Jde- 


cre-sc-enia 


vanT- 


loqu-entia 


ob- 


ed-i-entia 


ad- 


ol-esc-entia 


bene- 


fic-entia 1 


im- 


pat-i-entia 


ef- 


fic-entia 


ex- 


pe>-i-entia 


raagni- 


fic-entia 


ap- 


pet-entia 


male- 


fic-entia 


im- 


pot-entia 


muni- 


fic-entia 


con- 


sc-i-entia 


con- 


fid-entia 


in- 


sc-i-entia 


dif- 


fid-entia 


ab- 


s-entia 


dif- 


fer-entia 


prae- 


s-entia 


taf- 


flu-entia 


con- 


sequ-entia 


tpro- 


flu-en tia 


lob- 


sSqu-entia 


in- 


frequ— entia 


in- 


sip-i-entia 


tcon- 


gru-entia 


de- 


sip-i-entia 


Jprod- 


Tg-entia 


per- 


spic-i-entia 


dl- 


lig-entia 


tpro- 


spic-i-entia 


in-di- 


lig-entia 


Jde- 


spic-i— entia 


intel- 


lig-entia 


bene- 


vol-entia 


neg- 


lig-entia 2 


male- 


vol-entia 


fblandi- 


loqu-entia 


con- 


ven-i-entia 


Jbrevi- 


loqu-entia 







Lucr. (Bk. 3, v. 864) has a line in which occurs a word repe- 
tentia, or retinentia, according to the various readings of the 
margins ; whichever is read, the sense taken is ' memory. ' 



1 Also written beneficientia. 

2 Compounded of nee and leg, the root of lego, &c. ' choose.' 



FIRST OR A DECLENSION, FEMININES. 



13 



Nominative ends in ia. Stem ends in 1&.. 



calum-nia 



cic-oma 
col-onia 



ma 



oma 



\j — 



acr-i-monia 

aegr-i-monia 

al-T-monia 



cent-u-ria 
dec-ii-ria 



i. Simples. 



aer-ana 
ant-iqu-aria 
argent-aria 
calv— aria 



monia 
caer-T-monia 
cast-T-monia 
fals-i-monia 



pec-u-ma 

thistr-i-onia 
Jmorb-onia 

pars-T-monia 1 
quer-T-monia 
sanct-T-monia 



na 
fim-b-ria lux-ii- 

indust-ria 

ISutpenuria or paenuria has u. 



-ria^ 



aria 3 
coil-aria 
glabr-aria 
libr-aria 
nav-i-cul-aria 

ad-vers-aria 



frastr-aria 
sell-aria 
verr-iic-aria 

ves-ic-aria 



ii. Compounds. 

We find in Plautus Mostell-aria, name of a play, and also tlie 
words casteria (?) and versoria, or vorsoria. 



bland-itia 

dur— itia 2 

jus-t-itia 

laet-itia 

laut-itia 

mal-itia 

moest-itia 

u. Compounds. 

in- lm-ic-itia 
in- jus-t-itia 



it-ia* 
moll— itia 2 
mund-itia 2 
no-t-itia 2 
pigr-itia 2 
prim— itiae 
piid-ic— itia 
pu-er-itia 

im- mund-itia 
im- piid-ic— itia 



saev-itia 2 

scabr— itia 2 

segn— itia 2 

spurc-itia 2 

stult-itia 

trist-itia 2 

vafr-itia 2 



im- pur-itia 
ne- qu-itia 2 



1 Also written parcimonia. 

2 Forms in e are also found : as pigritie (stem) — pigrities, ei. 

3 Cf. the corresponding masculine and neuter terminations. 

C 



14 FIRST OR A DECLENSION, FEMININES. 



Nominative ends in la. Ste 


m ends in la . 


i. Simples. 
cor-ol-la 
liil-lae 1 
med-ul-la 


sel-la l 

stel-la 1 

stil-la 1 


te-la 

trich-i-la 

tru-l-la 


ii. Compounds. 


as- sec-la 2 
ela 




ela in some instances denotes the result of the action of a verb. 


i. Simples. 
cand-ela 
client-ela 
loqu-ela 


lu-ela 
must-ela 
JnTt-ela 


quer-ela 

su-t-ela 

tu-t-ela 


ji. Compounds. 
cor- rup-t- 


-ela 


Job- sequ-ela 



ella 

These are chiefly diminutives, and the former I has resulted from 
an I, r, or n of some other termination, or perhaps of the root 
itself. (Compare Key's Latin Grammar, § 202.) Thus, asella is- 
asin-ula, capella capr-ula, opella oper-ula : in other words, we 
perhaps have a twofold diminutive form, as turbella for turb- 
ul-ul-a. Cf. p. 35. 

as-ella fem-ella proc-ella 

bucc-ella fen-est-ella pu-ella 

cani-ella fisc-ella scut-ella 

cap-ella Jlam-ella sit-ella 

cat-ella 3 mat-ella sjDort-ella 

cist-ella mit-ella tab-ella 

clit-ellae |num-ella tess-ella 

eolum-ella 6f-ella Jturb-ellae 

jculc-it-ella 6p-ella umb-ella 

dex-t-ella Jpag-ella vols-ella 
fa-b-ella pat-ella 

1 The roots seem to be respectively Mr, sed, ster, stir. 

2 Generally masculine. 

3 This word has two senses, 'a little whelp' (catulula), 'a little 
chain' (catenula). 



FIRST OR A DECLENSION, FEMININES. 



15 



Nominative ends in la. Stem ends in la. 
ilia 



anc-illa 
angu-illa 

*arg-illa 
arm-ilia 
ax— ilia 1 

icav-illa 



fav-illa 
furc-illa 
mammilla 
max-illa 1 
tmell— ilia 
pap-illa 



pistr-illa 
pup— ilia 
scint-illa 
tons-illae 
tur-tiir-illa 



ola 

These words are diminutives ; ola being the same as ula (Com- 
pare Key's Latin Grammar, § 201), and it is added to substantives 
whose stem ends in ea, or ia : hence, with one exception, these 
words end in eola and iola. Most of them are of rare occurrence. 

vi-ola 



ar-eola 

aran-eola 

fcract-eola 

i. Simples. 

best-iola 

fasc-iola 

fil-iola 

glor-ioia 

har-iola 2 



e-ola 

laur-eola 
mat-eola 



i-ola 

hor-iola 
lec-tic-ar-iola 
luscm— iola 
mem-6r— iola 
sent-ent-iola 



naus-eola 
tal-eola 



sep-iola 
ser-iola 
vic-tor-iola 
unc-iola 



ii. Compounds. 
vin-dem-iola 



de-lic-iolae 



c-op-iola 3 



J According to Cicero, (Orat. c. 45) 

axilla became ala taxillus became talus 

maxilla ,, mala venillum „ velum. 

2 Donatus thinks that this was originally far-iola, just as forda was 
an older form of horda ; but the root be refers to, is fa, and we have no 
right to bring in the r of the infinitive fa-ri, besides, compare the root 
of haru-spic-a, haru-spex, &c. 

3 Copiola, from copia, which is generally allowed to he co-op-ia. 



16 



FIRST OR A DECLEKSION, FEMININES. 



Nominative ends in la. Stem ends in la. 



ula 

Most of these are diminutives, formed from feminine nouns in a, 
as barb-ula from barba, form-ula from form-a : or from nouns of 
the third declension, and chiefly from those whose stem ends in c, 
as cervic-ula, cortic-ula, falc-ula. Besides this ula when added to 
a verb-root, seems to denote a thing which performs the act denoted 
by that verb, as reg-ula, ' a ruler' or instrument for ruling lines ; 
so spec-ula, teg-ula; so perhaps fer-ula ; similarly sec-ula ' a 
sickle,' that is 'a cut-ter' mentioned by Varro, and rad-ula <a 
scrape-r,' found in Columella. 



i. Simples. 

ae-tat-ula 
am-Ic-ula 
ancill-ula 
an-im-ula 
aqu-ula 
arc-ula 
ar-en-ula 
ar-ula 
ass-ula 
bacc-ula 
barb-ula 
bucc-ula 
Calig-ula 
jcalth-ula 
caps-ula 
c as— ula 
cat-ula 
cav-ern-ula 
caup-6n-ula 
caus-ula 
cell-ula 
eerv-ic-ula 
cer-ula 
chart-ula 
cing-ula 
cist-ell-ula 



cist-ula 
claus-ula 
coen-ula 
corb-ula 
corn-ic-ula 
cort-ic-ula 
*crap-ula 
}crep-id-ula 
cre-t-ula 
crist-ula 
Jcrust-ula 
fculc-Tt-ula 
clisc-ip-ula 
ep-ulae 
fab-ula* 
fac-ula 
faec-ula 
falc-ula 
fam-ula 
fer-ula 
fil-ic-ula 
fist-ula 
flamm— ula 
forf-ic-ula 
form-ula 
foss-ula 



furc-ula 

glanci-ula 

gleb-ula 

Jgutt-ula 
hast-ula 
herb-ula 
lacrym-ula 
lact-uc— ula 
lect-ic-ulae 
lig-ula 
litt-er— ulae 

|16d-ic-ula 

jlor-ic-ula 
lun-ula 
mac-ula 

|mass-ula 
mat-ula 
med-ull-ula 
membr-an-ula 
mens-ula 
merc-ed— ula 
mer-e-tric-ula 
mer-ula 

Jmet-ula 

Jmlc-ula 
neb-ula 



1 Probably for farnula from fama ; m and b are closely connected, 
thus hvem (nom. hiems) hlb-ernus. 



FIRST OR A DECLENSION, FEMININES. 



17 



Nominative ends in la.. Stem ends in la.. 



nuc-ula 
nutr-ic— ula 
off-ula 
oil— ula 
paen-ula 
jpag-Tn-ula 
}pall-ula 
palm— ula 
pap-ula 
parm-ula 
per— ula 
penn-ula 
perg-ula 
pinn-ula 
plag-ula 
pore— ula 
port-ic— ula 
port-ula 
pu-ell-ula 
pup— ula 
pust-ula 



rab-ula (m) 

rad-ic-ula 

reg-ula 

rip-ula 

rot— ula 

rud-Tc-ula 

sarc-Tn-ula 
Jscand— ula 

scap-ulae 
tscint-ill— ula 
Jscop-ula 

scut-ula 

sel-1-ula 

serr-ula 

serv-ula 

sext-ula 

sic-ula 

sit-ula 

spec-ula 

sport-ula 



stip— ula 

tab-em— ula 

tab-ula 

teg-ula 

tess-er-ula 

test-ula 

tog-ula 

tons-tric-ula 

trag-ula 

tiin-Tc-ula 

vacc-ula 

vern-ula 

ves-ic-ula 

vill-ula 

virg-ula 

vit-ula 

ung-ula 

voc-ula 

urn-ula 

zon-ula 



ii. Coynpounds. 

con- cilia-trie— ula 
ex- cip-ula 1 
mus- cip-ula 
con- disc-ip— ula 



Jquadr- Ig-ulae 

ad- 61-esc-ent-ula 
ap- pend-ic-ula 
con- serv-ula 



fic-ed-ula 2 



ed-ula 
mon-ed-ula 



nit ed-ula 



What is the meaning of the syllable ed? As far asficedulais 
concerned, ed might mean 'eat,' for ficedula is the 'becafico,' or 
' fig-pecker' : but this explanation would not apply to the other two. 
Facciolati quotes two passages to show that the ancients accused 
'jackdaws' of a fondness for money, but it would be rather bold 
to conjecture that monedula was for monetula. As to nitedula, it 
seems connected with nitela, and might possibly stand for nitelula. 



1 Or excipulum ; it seems used only by Pliny. 

2 Sometimes with e. 



18 FIRST OR A DECLENSION, FEMININES. 



Nominative ends in la. Stem ends in la. 



i. Simples. 
fi-bula 

ii. Compounds. 



bula 
denotes an instrument. 

su-bula 

pro- sti-bula 1 
cula 



tn-bula 1 



This termination is used to form diminutives of tbe feminine gen- 
der, and is put on to stems which end in i, e, or a consonant, as 
nom. canis, stem cani, diminutive cani-cula : in the same way we 
have spes, spe, spe-cula, and soror, soror, soror-cula. 

In some few instances, cula denotes an instrument, dress, &c, 
and in this sense, it is found joined to verbal stems : as indu-cula, 
1 a kind of under-garment ' ; tendi-cula, ' a snare ' ; and a doubtful 
word manu-cula which seems used by Vitruvius in the sense of ' a~ 
handle.' 

Cacula (m), ' a soldier's slave,' is of uncertain Etymology. 



i. Simples. 

aed-I-cula 

anat-i-cula 

an-i-cula 

ap-i-cula 

arb-us-cula 

aur-i-cula 

bu-cula 

canal-i— cula 

can-i-cula 

cic-er-cula 

class-T-cula 

clav-I-cula 

cohort-i-cula 



cot-T-cula 

crat-i-cula 

di-e-cula 

febr-i-cula 

fid-i-cula 

lab-e-cula 

lent-T-cula 

man-i-cula 

ma-ter-cula 

mir-a-cula 2 

muli-er-cula 

nav-i-cula 

nov-a-cula 



nub-e-cula 

pan-i-cula 

part-T-cula 

pav-i-cula 3 

pell-T-cula 

pleb-e-cula 

pult-i-cula 

re-cula 4 

rest-i-cula 

rud-i-cula 

seciir-i-cula 

sed-e-cula 5 

sirp-i-cula 6 



1 Also neuter. 2 ' A fright.' 3 ' An instrument for paving. 

4 Occurs in a fragment of Plautus quoted by Priscian. 



5 Also read sedicula. 



Also written scirpicula. 



FIRST OR A DECLENSION, FEMININES. 



19 



Nominative ends in la. Stem ends in la. 



sor-or-cula 
sort-i-cula 
spe-cula 
sii-cula 
tteg-et-i-cula 

ii. Compounds. 

in- du— cula 1 



tend-i-cula 
-fterr-T-cula 
turr-T-cula 
vepr-e-cula 



fvert-T-culae 
vit-i-cula 
vulp-e-cula 
ux-or-cula 



siib- u-cula 1 



un-cula 

The words of this termination result from cula being added to 
the stem of substantives in on, or in : as nom. lectio, stem lection, 
diminutive lectiuncula : so imago, imagin (or imagon), imaguncula. 

The word domuncula, from stem domo, stands alone : indeed the 
authorities for it are second rate. 



i. Simples. 

amb-iil-a-ti-uncula 

ar-a-ti-uncula 
. cap-ti-uncula 

car-uncula 

coen-a-ti-uncula 

dom-uncula 

lm-ag-uncula 

leoti-uncula 



leg-i-uncula 

lolig-uncula 

mor-si-uncula 

mo-ti-uncula 

narr-a-ti-uncula 

6r-a-ti-uncula 

port-i-imcula 



ii. Compounds. 

oc- ca-si-uncula 
ex- cep-ti-uncula 
con- clu-si-uncula 
pro- ciir-a-ti-uncula 
in- dign-a-ti-uncula 
of- fen-si-uncula_ 
aedi- f tc-a-ti— uncula 
per- jur-a-ti-uncula 



com- 
c- 

op- 

dis- 

inter- 

as- 

pos- 

con- 



po-ti— uncula 

punc-ti-uncula 

quaes-ti-uncula 

ra-ti-uncula 

rog-a-ti-uncula 

stip-ul-a-ti-uncula 

virg-uncula 



mo-ti-uncula 

on-ti-uncula 2 

pres-si-uncula 

put-a-ti-uncula 

rog-a-ti-uncula 

sen t-a-ti-uncula 

ses-si-uncula 

trac-ti-uncula 



1 The former is explained to mean an * under-garment worn by 
women '; the latter, an 'under-garment worn by men'. Compare the 
words indus-ium, exuviae. 

2 Or conciunada; the word contio is thought to be a contraction of 
co-ventio. It might have been remarked under provi?icia, p. 9, that 
the true orthography is thought to be provintia for providentia. 
Long's " Civil Wars of Rome," 1. 226. 



See 



20 



FIRST OR A DECLENSION, FEMININES. 



Nominative ends in ma, Stem ends in ma. 

There are few examples in Latin of feminines in ma : but there 
are very many neuters in men : in Greek, the feminine termination 
is pn {me), but perhaps in that language too, the termination jw.«t 
(mat), nominative /^« (ma), is more common than the feminine, 
as stems o-w^aT, •'ovojuaT, (somat, onomat,) &c. 

The termination ma, seems added to verbs, and denotes the thing 
produced by the verb. 

an-i-ma 1 lacry-ma 2 

bru-ma pal-ma 

*drach-ma plu-ma 

fa-ma ri-ma 

flam-ma spu-ma 



strii-ma 
sum-ma 3 
tra-ma 4 
viotl-ma 



A word gluma ' chaff' occurs in Varro, and there is also a verb, 
gliibere ' to peel ;' the two words appear to be connected. 



Nominative ends in na. 


Stem ends in na. 


cii-nae 




pru-na 


quart-a-na 


membr-a-na 




pug-na 

ena 




ar-ena 




crum-ena 


*le-aena 


av-ena 




*gangr-aena 


lan-i— ena 


*bal— aena 




hab-ena 


*mur-aena 


cat-en a 




lag-en a 

lena 


verb-ena 


cant-i- 


-lena 




post-T-lena 



1 Compare the Greek av-ifxog (anemos). 

2 The Greek word is neut. Sa«gu-/ota, stem Sa^v-^ar (dacrymat) 
An interchange of d and I is not uncommon : so Odysses, Ulysses; sella 
from sedere, &c. See Key's "Alphabet." 

3 The feminine of the superlative sum-mus, that is sub-imus, or 'up- 
permost.' The use of sub to mean ' up,' is common, especially in com- 
position with verbs, as subjicio, subveho, &c. 

4 'Web' and sometimes 'woof.' Is it from ' trail' 'draw'? The 
dropping of a guttural before m is to be noticed in flu-men, ju-mentum, 
ful-men, from roots flue, jug,fulg, and many others. 



FIRST OR A DECLENSION, — FEMININES. 21 

Nominative ends in na. Stem ends mna, 

ina * 

as-ina fusc-ina par-iet-inae 

bucc-ina lam-ina 2 pat-ina 

dom-ina *mach-~ina sarc-ina 

fe-m-ina 1 nund-inae 3 trut— ina 

fisc-ina pag-ina 

ina 

Originally the feminine of an adjective : in practice, it denotes 
a female person, as regina, queen ; the act of a verb, as rapina 
plunder, ruina downfall ; the place ' where,' as officina, ' work- 
shop/ lapicidina ' stone-quarry f so caepina ' onion-bed,' piscina 
' fish-pond ;' and like our ine denotes an abstract noun, as doctrina 
medicina, ' doctrine,' 'medicine.' Further, observe the Goddesses 
in ina, Lucina, Libitina, Tutelina, Furina* 

1. Simples* 

ang-ina *hem-ina rig— ina^ 

caep—ina la-tr^ina ru^ina 

car-ina lib-er-t-ina sag-ina 

cort-ina med-Tc-ina sal-inae 

cul-ina 4 pisc-ina sent-ina 

disc-i-pl-ina pop-ina sobr-ina 7 

doc-tr-ina fporr-ina tons-tr-ina 

far-ina pru-ina vag-ina 

Jfod-ina J rap-in a 5 ur-ina 

gall-ina rap-ina us-tr— ina 

The words resina 'resin,' and runcina 'a plane,' seem altered 
from the Greek words pnrwn and puyjcavn, (retine, runcane). 

1 More anciently written foemina; the root foe, appears in foetus, 
foecundus, and is the same as <pv (fu) 'beget;' similarly oe and u 
change in poena, punire, Poenus and Pnnicus. 

2 Also contracted, lamna. 

3 Nund, is perhaps for novendi; the adjective Novendtalis, occurs in 
Horace. See p. 32, n. 7. 

4 Varro uses also a word coquina in the sense of ' kitchen.' 

5 A ' field of rape, or turnips.' 

6 The quantity of this root varies ; thus we have regere, regio, regi- 
ment, &c. with e, whilst regula, regina, regiush&ve e. 

7 This is explained to be for sororina, for the same reason that 
Humerus became in French nombre. 



22 FIRST OR A DECLENSION, FEMININES. 

Nominative ends in na. Stem ends in na. 
ii. Compounds (in Ind) 



tlapi- cid-ina 
con- ciib-ina 
carni- fic-ina 
of- fic-ina 
argent l- fod-ina 


umna 


aurT- fod-ina 
tsemi- pisc-ina 
con- sobr— ina 
ham- spic-ina 


aer-umna 


al-umna 


col-umna 


>, 


enna 




ant-enna 




trans-enna 



ona 

An old feminine of adjective. Observe the proper names Orbona, 

Pomona. 

ann-ona col-ona matr-ona 

caup-ona cor-ona patr-ona 

Persona. What is to be done with this word? The old Gramma- 
rians said, persbno was the related word, in spite of the quantity : 
and indeed, the alternation of quantity between verbs and substan- 
tives in Latin, is not unusual, just as we alternate the accent, in 
rebel, rebel, &c. 

erna 

cav-erna lac-erna luc-erna 

Jcist-erna lat-erna 1 tab-erna 

There is a word nasiterna, or nassiterna, a 'pail/ ' bucket/ in 
Plautus. 

una ' 

fort-una lac-una 

There is a goddess Vacuna, who presides over leisure. 



Some MSS. in Plautus read lanterna. 



FIRST OR A DECLENSION, FEMININES. 



23 



Nominative ends in ra. Stem ends in ra. 



i. Simples. 
*anc-6-ra 

aur-o-ra 

cap-ra 

ii. Compounds. 

rupi- cap-ra 



*cith-a-ra 

*mach-ae-ra 

*panth-e-ra 



bra 



*phar-et— ra 
*sta-t-e-ra 
vol-uc— ra 



*cath- ed-ra 



The termination bra, denotes sometimes an instrument ; sometimes 
a place ' where.' 



i. Simples. 
col-u-bra 
dol-a-bra 
fi-bra 
lat-e-bra 




li-bra 
palp-e-brae 
sal-e-bra 
scat-e-bra 




ten-e-brae 

ter-e-bra 

vert-e-bra 


ii. Compounds. 

e- lec-e- 

il- lec-e- 

per- lec-e- 


-bra 1 
-bra 1 
-bra 1 




bi- 

se- 

sesquT- 


li-bra 

li-bra 2 

li-bra 


adult-era 3 
fare-era 
cam-era 
ciAm-era 




era 
dec-st-era 4 
litt-era 
mater- t-era 
op-era 




pat-era 
*phal-erae 
vesp-era 
vip-era 


i. Simples. 
fen-es— tra 
mag-is-tra 




tra 

min-is-tra 
mulc-tra 




*palaes-tra 
scu-tra 5 


ii. Compound. 




ad- min-is- 


-tra 


- 



1 RootZac, 'draw,' 'entice,' which is found in il-lic-ere, de-lie-iae, &c. 

2 Sometimes with e. 

3 The derivations proposed for this word are most unsatisfactory ; 
some of them as "ad alteram," are absurd : the word means a mistress, a 
paramour, and may be related to adula-ri, to l caress' ; though that is by- 
no means certain : if it could be shown that the a was merely a prefixed 
syllable, we should be disposed to say the root was dul of dulc-i, (nom. 
clulcis) sweet. 

4 Written dextera. 5 Perhaps x VT ? a (chutra). 



24 



FIRST OR A DECLENSION, — FEMININES. 



Nominative ends in ra. Stem ends in ra, 



cens-ura 



ura 



sura 



fig-ura 



The terminations sura and tura, (the variation between s and t 
is merely euphonic) are added to verbal roots, or stems, and may 
be called participials, inasmuch as they are subject to similar rules 
of formation with participles : they express the act of a verb ; or 
the result of such action. 

i. Simples. 

fu-sura sal-sura 

men-sura scis-sura 

pen-sura ton-sura 

pres-sura ver-sura 

ra-sura u— sura 



cae-sura 

cur-sura 

fis-sura 

flec-sura 1 

fluc-sura 1 

fos-sura 



ii. Compounds. 
circum- ci— sura 
con- ci-sura 
in- ci— sura 
con- clu-sura 



ad- mis-sura 
com- mis— sura 
in- ver— sura 
di- vi-sura 



tura 



Most of these words are of somewhat rare occurrence. 
I. Simples. 



aper— tura 

coel-a-tura 

calc-a-tura 

cap-tura 

carp-tura 2 

cer-a-tura 

cinc-tura 

coc-tura 

cond-i-tura 

corp-6r-a-tura 

cub-T-tura 



cul— tura 

cur-a— tura 

curv-a-tura 

dic-ta-tura 

fac-tura 

far-tura 

fe-tura 3 

fic-tura 

fla-tura 

form-a— tura 

frac-tura 



fric-a-tura 

ful— tura 

gen-T-tura 

glad-ia-tura 

jac-tura 

junc-tura 

litt-er-a-tura 

li-tura 

merc-a-tufa 

mis-tura 4 

na-tura 



1 Written with an x ; x stands for cs in these words. 8 Used by Varro. 

3 From the root foe, fu ; according to Etymology, it should be writ- 
ten foe-tura. 

4 Also written mix-tura. The root varies between misc, and /ouy 
(mig) as seen in (j.iyw(At (mignumi), &c. 



FIRST OR A DECLENSION, FEMININES. 



25 



Nominative ends in ra. Stem ends in ra. 



pic-tura 

pis— tura 

pol-I-tura 

pos-T-tura 

prae-tura 1 

quaes-tura 2 

runc-tura 

scrip-tura 

ii. a. Compounds. 

co- ac-tura 
con- cil-ia— tura 
agri- cul-tura 

in- dic-a-tura 
red- em-p-tura 
con- fec-tura 
prae- fee— tura 



sculp-tura 

sec-tura 

sep-ul-tura 

sign-a-tura 

sta-tura * 

stra-tura 

stric-tura 

struc-tura 



con- fla— tura 
con- jec-tura 
pro- jec-tura 

al- lio;-a-tura 
pol- luc-tura 3 
com- pac— tura 
com- pos-T-tura 



su-tura 

tem-per-a-tura 

tex-tura 

tri-tura 

vec-tura 

ven-a-tura 

unc-tura 



vice- quaes-tura 
di- rec-tura 

|con- si-tura 

in- sec-tura 

de- sul-tura 

in- sul-tura 

con- trac-tura 



Architectura is a compound word from Greek roots, but with a 
Latin termination. 



Nominative ends in sa. Stem ends in sa. 

This termination is joined to verbal roots : some of the words be- 
low are mere feminines of passive participles 5 others are words 
formed independently, and are active. 

i. Simples. 

cap-sa 
cau-sa 
cer-us-sa 
fos-sa 



men-sa 
noc— sa 4 
pau-sa 5 



spon-sa 
ton— sa 
ur-sa 



1 Perhaps this is really a compound word, prae-it-ura, for the old 
sense of prae-tor, was ' leader,' ' commander,' and was given to the 
officers, who afterwards were called consuls. 

2 Tacitus has the form quaesitura, 

3 Used by Plautus, in the sense of a ' splendid feast,' though with a 
various reading pollinctura : the verb pollucere means ' to make a liba- 
tion': so Cato R. R. il Jovi dapali culignam vini quantum via 
polluceto." 4 Written noxa. 

5 This seems formed from the Greek root tt«u l stay, ' stop,' 
D 



26 



FIRST OR A DECLENSION, FEMININES. 



Nominative ends in sa. Stem ends in sa. 



ii. Compounds. 
of- fen-sa 



re- pul-sa 



1m- pen-sa 

The words used by Columella brisa and samsa or sansa 
are worthy of notice ; the former appears to mean * crushed 
grapes/ and the latter ' bruised ^olives/ 

In Plautus we find a masculine, mad-ul-sa 'a drunkard.' 



Nominative ends in ta. Stem ends in ta. 

Ta, name of female agent, as Segesta, Goddess of Corn, Vesta, 
Goddess of Fire, also denotes a state, asjuventa, senecta ; it is also 
fern, of perfect participle passive. 

i. Simples. 
al-u-ta gen-is-ta 

am-i-ta juv-en-ta 

lac-er-ta 

lib-er-ta 

16c-ns-ta 2 



ar-is-ta 
^ball-is-ta 1 

cic-u-ta 

corb-i-ta 

cos-ta 

cris-ta 

crus-ta 
*cryp-ta 

cu-curb-i-ta 

culc-T-ta 
*di-ae— ta 

ful-men-ta 



*margar-i-ta 2 



*metr-e-ta 
mon-e-ta 3 
mulc-ta 4 
nup-ta 
orb-i-ta 
pit-m-ta 
plac-en-ta 



ii. a. Compounds. 
vin- die— ta 
| of- fer-ument-ta 
col- lec-ta 
in- sti-ta 



pol-en-ta 

por-ta 

rub-e-ta 

sagit-ta 5 

scrib-ll-ta 6 

sec-ta 

sem-T-ta 

sen-ec-ta 

I spor-ta 
tes-ta 

{trac-ta 7 
vi-ta 

|us-ta 



(3. Greek Comp. 
cata- pul-ta 
cata- rac-ta 8 



1 Also balista. 2 Also margaritum. 

3 ' Money 3' said to receive the name from the temple of Juno, 
Moneta, where first it was coined. * Often written mult a. 

5 This is a difficult word ; we have, therefore, put it under pimple a 
also (p. 2). 

6 This word is variously read scribilita, scribillita, scriblita, striblita, 
and streblita. 7 And tracta, orum, n. 8 Also cataractes, ae, m. 



FIRST OR A DECLENSION, FEMININES. 27 

MASCULINES. 

Nominative ends in ta. Stem ends in ta. 

^athl-e-ta 1 ham-io-ta nav-i-ta 2 

^com-e-ta 1 *Td-io-ta 1 *pelt-as-tae 

*dan-is-ta lan-is-ta *po-e-ta 



FEMININES. 

Nominative ends in ua or va. Stem ends in ua or va. 



noct-ua 
ol-i— va 
sal-i-va 
stat-ua 



bell-ua 
cater-va 


ging-I-va 
lar-va 


cer-va 
cla-va 
di-va 


jan-ua 
mal-va 



END OF A DECLENSION. 



1 The Greek form of the nora. is also found; cometes, ae, &c. 

2 The contracted form nauta, instead of nauita, is more common. 



SECOND OK O DECLENSION. 



MASCULINES. 

Nominative ends in us. Stem ends in o. 

Reasons for saying that the stem of substantives of the second 
declension ends in o. 

I. The corresponding declension in Greek has o both in 
masculine and neuter, xoyo; (logos), £iAov (xulon.) 

II. The older Latin MSS. and Inscriptions read o in many 
instances, where later copies give u, as servom, divom, 
for servum, divum. 

III. It is probable that the older forms of the nominative mas- 
culine were servos, dominos, and in the plural, servoi, 
dominoi ; so also in the dative plural servois, dominois. 
This will explain why is of the plural is always long, 
contracted from ois, and in the a declension from ais. 
An old MS. of Virgil gives ab oloes for ab illis. In 
the other cases the stem is apparent : servo, servorum, 
and servos. 

IV. The tendency of the Latin language was to change o into 

u ; so the older forms volgus, poplicola, became vulgus, 
publicola. 

V. Some vowel or other is wanted before the case-endings, s, 

m, rum, &c. ; and as we have a in the first declension, 
u in the fourth, and e in the fifth, so it is almost un- 
deniable that we have o in the second. 



* abac-us 


aev-us 2 


Jan-us 


*acanth-us 


agn-us 


arm-us 


ac-m-us 1 


an-im-us 


av-us 


ac-us 


ann-us 


*bol-us 



There are also acinum, i, and acina, ae. 2 More frequently neuter. 



SECOND OR O DECLENSION, MASCULINES. 29 



Nominative ends in us. Stem ends in o. 



*bol-us 

* bomb-us 

* bulb-us 
*caball-us 
X cacab-us 

cad-us 
cal-am-us 
*calath-us 

* camel-us 
camp-us 

*canthar-us 
Jcanth-us 

carr-us 1 

cerv-us 
*cest-us 

chor-us 

cib-us 

cipp-us 

circ-us 

cirr-us 
*clathr-us 

clav-us 
*cliban-us 

cliv-us 
*colaph-us 

collyb-us 

columb-us 

col-us 2 

cont-us 

coqu-us 

corv— us 
*c6rymb-us 
*cothurn-us 

* croc-us 
ciic-ul-us 



culm-us 

cyath-us 
*cycn-us 
*cylindr-us 

De-us 

disc-us 

dol-us 

diim-us 

* elephant-us 
equ-us 
fav-us 
fim-us 1 
fisc-us 
flocc-us 
foc-us 

ffor-us 

fuc-us 

fum-us 

fund-us 

fung-us 

gall-us 
tgibb-us 

glob-us 
tgrab-at-us 

gutt-us 
*gyr-us 

haed-us 

ham— us 
*hellebor-us 1 
Ihinn-us 

hirc-us 
fhost-us 

* hyacinth-us 3 
*hyal-us 
*hydr-us 



joc-us 1 

junc-us 

labyrinth-us 

lemb-us 

limb-us 

loc-us 

luc-us 

lud-us 

lumb-us 

ltip-us 

lychn-us 
* mag— us 

mann-us 

merg-us 
*mim-us 

mod-us 

morb-us 

mucc-us 4 

mull-us 

mul-us 

mund-us 

mund-us 5 

mur-us 6 

musc-us 

naev— us 

nan-us 

nas-us 1 

nerv-us 

nid-us 

nimb-us 

nod-us 

numm-us 

pag-us 

palm-us 

pal-us 7 



* 



1 Sometimes neuter. 2 Also of the U Declension. 

3 Sometimes declined after the Greek model. 4 Sometimes mucus. 

5 A ' woman's ornament' ; sometimes neuter. 

6 The older form is moerus, which appears in the compound pomoerium. 

7 Accoi'ding to some this word is contracted from paxillus; and in 
like manner talus is for taxlllus. See p. 15, n. 1. 



30 SECOND OE O DECLENSION, MASCULINES. 





Nominative ends in us 


!. Stem ends in o. 




*pan-us 




riv-us 




*taur-us 




pann-us 




rog— us 




*thalam-us 




Ipapp-us 




rub-us 




*thesaur-us 




*petas-us 




sacc-us 




tof-us 2 




pic-us 




scap-us 




tor-us 




pil-us 




scirp-us 




*triumph-us 




*plan-us 




serv-us 




trunc-us 




*pbl— us 




socc-us 




I tub-us 




pore— us 




sorun-us 




*tyi'ann-us 




proc-us 




son-us 




turd-us 




pull-us 




spar-us 




vall-us 




X pup-us 




stil-us 1 




vic-us 




fpus-us 




stomach-us 


vill-us 




qual-us 1 




succ-us 




unc-us 




rac-em-us 


i 


sulc-us 




urs-us 




ram-us 




sii-surr-us 




iir-us 




rem-us 




tal-us 




vulg-us 3 




Pultiphagus or pultifagus a 'pottage-eater' is a hybrid 


word 


ii. a. Compounds. 










fun- 


amb-ul- 


us 


privi 


- gn-us 5 




ab- 


av-us 




pro 


- m-us 4 




at- 


av-us 




J sup-pro 


- m-us 4 




pro- 


av-us 


- 


JcaprT 


- mulg-us 




. ttrit- 


av-us 




Jscrofi 


- pasc-us 




|urbi- 


cap-us 




primi 


- pil-us 6 




Jlaudi- 


coen-us 




pinni 


- rap-us 




con- 


d-us 4 




con 


- serv-us 




seniT- 


de-us 


tper-enni 


- serv-us 




vene- 


fic-us 










/3 Greek Compounds. 








apo-log-us 


a-tom-us 




epT-log-us 




arch-i-tect- 


-us 


cithar-aed- 


-us 


para-sit-us 




a-sil-us 




crocodll-us 


poly-p-us 




astro-log-us 


dia-log-us 









1 Or stylus. 2 Also written tophus. 3 The older form is volgus. 

4 From con and da the root of da-re, and similarly we have promus, 
from pro and em the root of em-ere ' take' ; and so condus is e the man 
who stores or puts up,' (the primary meaning of do seems to be ' put '), 
promus e the man who brings out.' — See Key's Grammar, §§ 542, 544. 

3 From primo and gen. See p. 4, n. 2. Some, however, connect it 
with the adjective privus. 6 Also written primopilus. 



SECOND OR O DECLENSION, MASCULINES. 31 



FEMININES. 

Nominative ends in us. Stem ends in o. 



i. Simples. 

aln-us 

alv-us 

arb-ut-us 1 
*balan-us 

bux-us 2 

carb-as-us 3 
*cedr-us 
•cer-as-us 1 

citr-us 1 

c5l-us 4 

corn-us 1 



*cytis-us 
*fag-us 

fic-us 4 

frax-m-us 

hiim-us 

laur-us 4 

lent-isc-us 

mal-us 1 

mor-us 1 

myrt-us 1 and 4 

nard-us 5 



*coryl-us orn-us 

*cupress-us 4 pamp-Tn-us 6 

ii. Compounds. 

caprT- fic-us 



*papyr-us 7 
pln-us 4 
pir-us 1 
pom-us 1 
popiil-us 

*prun-us 1 

Jsambuc-us 8 

| sorb-us 1 

Jspm-us 
tax-us 

Jvann-us 
ulm-us 



juni- per-us 



MASCULINES. 
Nominative ends in cus. Stem ends in co. 



i. Simples. 
bub-ul-cus 

ii. Compounds. 



juv-en-cus 



{a-verr-un-cus 



rem-ul-cus 9 



*crit-icus 
med-tcus 



Jsic-il— icus 
vill-icus 



vitr-icus 



icus and ucus, ico and uco 
am-icus |mand— ucus umb-Tl-icus 

Jlumbr-icus 

1 The tree is us, i, f., its fruit urn, i, n. 

2 Buxus is properly the tree and buxum ' box-wood ;' but the dis- 
tinction is not strictly observed. 

3 Also carbasa, orum. 4 Sometimes of the Fourth or U Declension. 

5 Nardus and nardum are used loosely. 

6 Also masculine. 7 Also papyrus, m. and papyrum, n. 
8 Or sabucus. 9 Also neuter. 



32 SECOND OR O DECLENSION, — MASCULINES. 



Nominative ends in eus. Stem ends in eo. 



ac-ul-eus 

alv-eus 

aran— eus 

balt-eus 1 

caduc-eus 1 

calc-eus 



cas-eus 



cer-eus 
*clyp— eus 1 

ciil-eus 2 

cun-eus 

equ-ul-eus 
Jhinn-ul-eus 

laqu-eus 



mall-eus 

nucl-eus 

pll-eus 1 

pliit-eus 1 

put-eus 

urc-eus 



Nominative ends in ius. Stem ends in 10. 

This seems to be an adjective termination like the Greek to? : it 
appears in the Roman gentile names, as Tullius, Fabius, Sempro- 
nius. The corresponding neuter, ium, is more common, for it is 
largely used with verbal stems ; such is not particularly the case 
with ius, though we may notice an epithet of Jupiter, mentioned 
by Ovid, Fast. 3, 327, namely, Elicius,, which that poet derives 
from e-lic-ere. 



I. 



Simples. 



cong-ius 
JerTc-ius 3 
fil-ius 
fliiv-ius 
Gen-ius 

ii. Compounds. 

se- mod-ius 
sesquT- mod-ius 
nunt-ius 6 



glad-ius 1 
*gob-ius 4 
Ian— ius 
lud-i 



ius" 1 



inter- nunt-ius 6 
re- nunt-ius 6 



milv— ius 5 

mod-ius 

patr-ic-ius 

rad-ius 



ses- ter-t— ius 
ter- unc-ius 



1 Also um, i, n. 2 Also spelt cullues. 3 Also ericeus. 

4 And of the Third or Consonant Declension, the stem ends in ion, m. 

5 More commonly milvus. 

6 This is supposed to he a contraction of novi-vent-ius, and it would 
appear that the spelling, nuncius, is not so well authorized as the other 
form. It is well known that in derivatives novem slides down into non: 
and the word nundinae may be compared with a full adjective form, 
which appears in Horace's Epod, 17, 48, " JYovemdiales dissipare 
pidveres." If so, nuntius is the ' new-comer,' hence the ' news- 

Similarly, it is thought, nov-it-ius contains the root it, 

Cf. p. 11, n. 2; p. 19, n. 2, and 
p. 25, n. 1. 



bringer ' 

' go ' compounded with novo. 



SECOND OR O DECLENSION, — MASCULINES. 33 

Nominative ends in ius. Stem ends in 10. 

arius, drio 

A question might arise, whether this termination should be put 
down as rius or as arius. Since it is added to substantives, it 
happens that many of those substantives have a stem ending in a : 
that is to say they are of the first declension, as ampull-a-rius, 
piscin-a-rius. Whereas, if the stem belongs to substantives of the 
third declension, we have a clear termination arius, as api-arius, 
falc-arius. If we have a word derived from the second declension 
the o of the stem is dropped, argento, argent-arius. 

We have concluded to say that arius is the termination in every 
instance, and that when the stem ends in a or o, the vowel is 
dropped. 

The meaning of arius is ' a man who has the care of anything,' 
as arment-arius ; or ' one who deals in anything/ as argent-arius. 

Similarly it will be seen that arium means ' a place where 
anything is kept.' 

Several of the words in this list are merely the masculine of 
adjectives ; and perhaps the same explanation might be hazarded 
for them all. Compare the adjective endings aris and alis ; 
and the Greek erios (ipto?). 

Some of the words denote things, and not persons, as sextarius ; 
and in Pliny or Columella you may meet with pult-arius, 'a 
porringer' used to hold 'puis,' (stem pult.) 



i. Simples. 

ac-tu-arius 
amp-ull-arius 
ann-iil-arius 1 
"aqu-arius 
arc-ul-arius 
arg-ent-arius 
arm-ent-arius 
av-i-arius 
Jaurig-arius 
fcaep-arius 
jcap-s-arius 



cast-ell-arius 
cest-arius 
cet-arius 
cin-er-arius 
columb-arius 
cor-i-arius 
Jcov-in-arius 
Jcrust-ul-arius 
cultr-arius 
essed-arius 
falc-arius 



|fals-arius 

Jflamm-e-arius 
fug-i-tiv-arius 

Jhelci-arius 
horr-e-arius 
lat-ern-arius 
lec-tic-arius 

jlib-arius 

jlib-i-tm-arius 
libr-arius 
16c— arius 



Or anularius. 



34 SECOND OR O DECLENSION, MASCULINES. 



Nominative ends in ius. Stem ends in 10. 



lor— arms 

mac-ell-arius 

mar-mor— arius 
Jmell-arius 
fmist-arius 

nav-i-cul— arius 

not-arius 
Jnumm-ul-arius 

ost-i-arius 

paus-arius 
Jparm-ul-arius 
Jpig-ment-arius 

pisc-m-arius 



Jplag-i-arius 
Jplum-arius 
pom— arius 
pore-In— alius 
pull-arius 
ret-i-arius 
ror-arii 
sel-1-iil-arius 
sex-t-arius 
sic-arius 
sol-e-arius 
tab-ell-arius 
tab-ern-arius 



tab-ul-arius 
Jtign-arius 
Jturd-arius 

vas-cul-arius 
Jvect-i— arius 
Jven-en-arius 
Jverb-en-arius 

vec-sill-arius 1 
tvic-t-Tm-arius 

vi-61-arius 

utr— arius 

ut-ri-cul-arius 



Plautus (Aulul. 3, 5, 39) uses a word diabathrarius a ' slipper 
maker/ from diabathrum, an old word for a ' slipper / and in 
Epid 1,1, 35, scutarius a ' shield-maker / molochinarius also is 
is found in the Aulularia. 



Pliny, 3, 6, has a word doliarius a ' cooper,' 



' wine-cellar j ' 



and in Caius 
so also 



Dig. 18, 1, 35, doliarium occurs, a 

laterarius a f brick-maker/ lateraria a l brick-kiln/ the latter 

found in Pliny, the former in Nonius. 



n. Compounds. 

in- cend-i-arius 2 
{in- dusi-arius 2 
bene- fic-i-arius 2 
ef- frac-t-arius 
quadr- Ig-arius 
t super- ju-ment-arius 



ad- mis-s-arius 

e- mis-s-arius 

com- ment-arius 

pr- 61-et-arius 
con- sili— arius 1 

ad- ver-s-arius 



erius and urius, erio and urio 
cant-erius long-urius sold-urii 



1 Written with x. 

2 These are all from neuters in ium, stem io, incendium, beneficium, &c. 



SECOND OR O DECLENSION, MASCULINES. 35 

Nominative ends in lus. Stem ends in lo. 

General Observations on this Termination. 

Most of these words are diminutives, that is, they denote 
"a little one of the kind;" the terminations which have this 
force are ulus, cuius, olus, ellus, illus. See Key's Grammar, 
^§ 198-209. The change of o and u presents no difficulty, and 
the syllable which is the groundwork of all must be ul or ol, cul 
or col; the forms ellus, illus, result from combination as will 
be shown. 

In English the termination appears as le and cle in words de- 
rived from the Latin ; but our own diminutive ending is kin, the 
same as chen in German — it has passed out of common use, and 
is seen chiefly attached to proper names, to which it gave a tone 
of endearment, Perkin for Peter, Wilkin for Will, Tomkin for 
Thomas, &c. 

But the Latin ulus and cuius have not always this force, some- 
times they denote merely an agent, as sacri-fic-ulus, though it 
will happen that some cases look as if an old diminutive had lost 
its force and become a general expression ; and in the cognate 
terminations ula, bula, culum, bulum, we have the full sense of 
an ' instrument.' 



ellus, ello 

Some of these words are formed by ulus added to substantives 
whose stem ends in ro or no, the vowel is dropped and the r or u 
becomes 7, thus agri-ulus gives agellus, asinulus gives asellus, 
and sometimes both forms coexist in the language : others result 
from ulus put on to a word which had already received that 
termination, these may be called secondary diminutives, as 
locellus for locululus ; in one word we find a tertiary forma- 
tion, or diminutives three deep, namely, agellulus ; so in the first 
declension we have puellula. 

The words in illus may be accounted for in like manner ; and 
among them might be reckoned the proper name Camillus, it is 
said to be Etruscan, and to mean a ' Minister of the Gods.' 

ag-ellus ang-ellus 1 t aust -ellus 

agn-ellus ann-ellus jbot-ellus 

jam-ellus as-ellus canc-elli 

1 Angululus is found. 



36 SECOND OR O DECLENSION, — MASCULINES 



Nominative ends in lus. Stem ends in lo. 



cat-ellus 
cult-ellus 
fisc-ellus 
lib-ellus 



cap-illus 
cat-illus 
cod-ic-illus 
jfnt-illus 
haed-illus 



cuc-ullus 



loc-ellus 
6c-ellus 
pop-ellus 
pore— ellus 



illus, illo 



lap-illus 

lup-illus 

X past-ill us 

X pax-ill us 

Jpug-illus 



ullus, ullo 



cul-ullus 



pu-ellus 

Jrast-ellus 

vit-ellus 



pulv-illus 
pup— illus 

quas-illus 1 
ftax— illus 
Jvert-ic-illus 



len-ullus 



e-oluSy e-olo 
These are derived from substantives which have e, and the 
next list from those which have i, as part of their termination . 

alv-eolus ciin-eolus pil-eolus 1 

calc-eolus mall-eolus urc-eolus 

capr-eolus fpasc-eolus 



I. Simples. 

fil-iolus 
ffor— iolus 
har-iolus 



i-olus, i-olo 



II. 



Compound. 



i. Simples. 

abac— ulus 
am-ic-ulus 
ang-ulus 
an-im-ulus 



mod-iolus 
Jpet-iolus 2 



ses- ter-t-iolus 
ulus, ulo 

ann-ulus 
bac-ulus 1 
calc-ulus 3 
Jcal-ic-ulus 3 



Jrad-iolus 
sim-iolus 



cal-yc-ulus 3 
cap-ulus 
cat-ulus 
circ-ulus 



1 Also neuter. 2 Afranius, quoted by Nonius, has pediolus. 

3 In these words the c before ulus belongs to the stem of the primi- 
tives from which they are formed. 



SECOND OE O DECLENSION, MASCULINES. 37 



Nominative ends in lus. Stem ends in lo. 



elav-ulus 
cliv— ulus 
ciim-ulus 
dig-Tt-ulus 

Jequ-ulus 
fam-ulus 

Jfic-ulus 
fig-ulus 
foc-ulus 
for-uli 
glob-ulus 
haed-ulus 
ham— ulus 
hinn-ulus 
hire— ulus 
hort-ulus 
joc-ulus 



lec-t-ulus 

Jleg-ulus 
loc-ulus 

Jmann-ulus 
mod-ulus 
nep-ot-ulus 
nerv-ulus 
nid-ulus 
nod— ulus 
numm— ulus 
6c-ulus 
pess-ulus 
pop-ulus 
porc-ulus 
pu-er-ulus 

Jpup-ulus 
ram-ulus 



ii. Compounds. 
sacri- fic-ulus 
scutT- ger-ulus 3 
ad- 61-esc-ent-ulus 



reg-ulus 
riv-ulus 
sacc-ulus 

*scop-ulus l 
serup-ulus 
serv-ulus 

JsTt-ulus 
socc-ulus 
stim-ulus 2 
tit-ulus 
tor— ulus 

Jtub-ulus 
tum-ulus 
vent-ulus 
vic-ulus 
vid-ulus 
vit— ulus 

con- volv-ulus 
Jin- volv-ulus 



As to the words bacidus and graculus it may be doubted whether 
they should be classed in this list or under cuius. 

cuius, culo 
Most of these words are derived from substantives of the third de- 
clension. The i before cuius is worth notice, it is sometimes the vowel 
of a stem which itself ends in i, as amni, igni ; sometimes it is a mere 
connecting vowel, as font-i-culus from the stem font : at other 
times it has arisen from u, as versi-culus from stem versu. We 
have, notwithstanding, in all cases separated it from the root. 

aes-culus Jbu— cuius ens-i— cuius 

am-a-tor-culus can-ali-culus fasc-i— cuius 

amn-i-culus caul-i— cuius flos-culus 

angu-i-culus Jcinc-ti-culus foll-i-culus 

ans-er-culus coll-i-culus font-T— cuius 

art-i— cuius *cun-i-culus frat-er-culus 



1 Greek c-%oTtt\og (scopelos) ; e is changed to u ; in crapula , from 
xp«i7raX»j (craipale), a is changed to u. 2 And stimulum, i, n. 

3 A similar word muneri-ger-ulus occurs in Plautus. 



E 



38 SECOND OR O DECLENSION, MASCULINES. 

Nominative ends in lus. Stem ends in lo. 

fun-i-culus pen-T-culus tsta-tT-culus 

Ign-T-culus pisc-T-culus sur-culus 

tlac-us-culus 1 pont-T-culus test-i-culus 

lat-er-culus Jport-is-culus tin-tinn-a-culi 

lep-us-culus pulv-is-culus vent-rT-culus 

lint-rT-culus }quaest-tT-culus verm-i-culus 

inar-culus rum-us— cuius 2 vern-a-culus 

orb-i-culus tsangu-r-culus vers-T-culus 

Jpann-i-culus tscrob-i-culus ungu-T-culus 

pass-er-culus jsens-i-culus utr-i-culus 3 

ped-i-culus sirp-T-culus JVult-T-culus 

un-ciilus, un-culo 
The words ending thus, are mostly derivations from substantives 
having the stem ending in on : but four of them (avunculus, 
furunculus, lembunculus, and ranunculus,) actually have the ter- 
mination unculus ; hence we make a separate list. 

av~unculus horn— unculus petas— unculus 

carb— unculus latr-unculus pug~i-unculus 

cent-unculus Jlemb-unculus ran— unculus 

curcul-i— unculus len— unculus serni-unculus 

fur— unculus pect-unculus tir— unculus 

pulus, pulo 
We offer as a conjecture that the termination pulus, found in 
the following words, is analagous to the neuter termination bulum. 

i. Simples. 

disc-T-palus man-i-pulus 4 

ii. Compounds. 

com- man-i-pulus con- disc-i-pulus 

On one occasion when comparing discipulus with muscipula, 
we were tempted to try and force an analogy between them, and 
to say that as mus-cip-ula a l mouse-catcher ' (that is ' a mouse- 
trap ; ) was formed from mus and cap, so perhaps discipulus might 
be compounded of dis and cap ; but though the stem disc, l teach/ 
is not a root in simple form, yet it is not right to assume that dis 
is the root : it might be die, or it might be di; and, on the whole, 
we have thought it better to hazard a termination pulus. 

1 This word is remarkable; . the termination is added to the nomi- 
native case. Pulvis-cuhis is not a similar example, for the is of the 
nominative is seen as er in the oblique cases and is part of the stem. 
We should have expected laciculus. 

2 From rumor • or changed to us, cf. lepusculus, &c. 

3 Some MS. have uter-culus. 4 And by Syncope maniplus. 



SECOND OR O DECLENSION, MASCULINES. 39 



NominoAive ends in nus. Stem ends in no. 



In many instances this is merely an adjective or participle ter- 
mination, and may be compared with the Greek mg (inos), tmg 
(einos), and y-wog (menos). 



cachin— nus 
cin-cin-nus 
tfur-ims 



pug-nus 
Jstur-nus 
tor— nus 



trib-u-nus 
vet-er-nus 



I. Simples. 
pll-anus 
publ-Tc-anus 

ii. Compounds. 
ante- pil— anus 



anus, ano 



Jsil— anus 
silv-anus 



Yule -anus 



ante- sign-anus 



-ac-mus 1 
as-inus 



mus, ino 



cire-mus 
dom-inus 



tnc-inus 
ter-m— inus 



i- Simples* 
cam-inus 
cov-inus 
llber-t— inus 

n« Compounds. 

|con- ciib-inus 



inuSj ino 



liip-inus 

medi-ast-inus 

puly-inus 



Jsap-inus 
sobr-inus 



con- sobr-inus 



al-umnus 



umnus. unino- 



aut-umnus 



i. Simples. 

col-onus 

ii. Compound. 



co- epul-onus 3 



patr-onus 



1 Also acinum, i, and acina, ae. 

2 We may also notice the proper names Picamnus, Portumnus, Ver- 
tumnus ; and an old word pisinnus, quoted from Labeo by a scholiast 
upon Persius " Crudum manduces Priamum, Priamique pisinnos" 

3 And stem co'epulon, (coepulo, onis). 



40 SECOND OR O DECLENSION, MASCULINES, 

Nominative ends in r or rus. Stem ends in ro. 

i. Simple. vir 

ii. Compounds. 



centum— vir 1 
decem-vir 1 
clunm-vir 

quatuor-vir 1 



quindecim-vir fse-vir 2 

quinque-vir tres-vir 3 

semi-vir viginti-vir 1 
septem-vir 



erus, ero 



hesp-erus 
hum-erus 



nuni-erus iit-erus 4 

vesp-erus 

Galerus 3 a e kind of hat ' has e. 



er or erus, ero 

Some little difficulty is presented by masculines with nomina- 
tives in er, as ager, magister, &c, and according to theory the 
nominatives would be agerus, magisterus, like numerus, humerus ; 
this supposition is borne out by the fact that compounds from 
fer and ger are found both ways, that is, we find armiger and 
morigerus, although it generally happens that the form in us is 
used as an adjective. 

The difficulty is removed by admitting that the Romans could 
allow er to stand for a nominative, and preferred it to the longer 
form erus; while in the oblique cases agri, agro, &c. the e was 
often dropped, but the same case-endings used as in any other 
substantive whose stem was in o. 



ei\ ero 



i. Simples. 






ag-er 


fab-er 


lib-eri 


ap-er 

cap-er 

coltib-er 


fib-er 

gen-er 

gibb-er 6 


pu-er 
Jscomb-er 
soc-er 


*cong-er 5 


llb-er 





1 These are generally, perhaps always, used in the plural. 

2 Or sexvir; t one of a commission of six.' 

3 Tresviri, orum ; the more common word is triumvir, which is used 
in the singular. 4 Also neuter, i. 5 Also congrus, i. 

6 Also gibber, eris, and gibbus, i. 



SECOND OR O DECLENSION, MASCULINES. 41 

Nominative ends in R or rus. Stem ends in ro. 

ii. Compounds. 

ar- bit-er lucT- fer 1 con- soc-er 

aquili- fer 1 armi- ger 1 pro- soc-er 

furcT- fer 1 pro- gen— er 

We find also the Greek word on-ager and on-agrus. 

I. Simples. ter, tero 

au-s— ter mag-is-ter 61-e-as-ter 

calam-is-ter 2 mm-is-ter % pin-as— ter 
cul-ter *• 

ii. Compounds. 

ludi- mag-is— ter ad- mm-is-ter 

Adulter. See remarks upon ' adult era, ,' p. 24, note 3. 



Nominative ends in sus. Stem ends in so. 

This is a participle termination. 

i. Simple. - fu-so 

ii. Compound. ac- cen-si 



Nominative ends in tus. Stem ends in to, 
Tus is a participle termination. 



i. Simples. 








*bol-e-tus 


hor-tus 


lib-er-tus 




cub-i-tus 


lacer— tus 


mar-i-tus 




dig-T-tus 


leg-a-tus 


ven-tus 




fas-ti 


lec-tus 






if. Compounds. 








prae- fec-tus 3 




juris- per-i— tus 




col- lib-er-tus 


juris-con- sul-tus 




com- mar-i-tus 




ad- voc-a-tus 
Stem ends in yo. 




Nominative ends in vus. 




acer-vus 


dl-vus 4 


mil- vus 5 


* 


aed-it-uus 


fug-iti-vus 


pat-r-uus 




card-uus 


llt-UUS 







1 In these four words there is, properly speaking, no case ending, 
but a bare verbal stem concludes the word. 

2 And calamistrum, i. 3 Properly an adjective. 
4 Properly an adjective. 5 Milvius is also found. 



42 SECOND OR O DECLENSION, NEUTERS. 

NEUTERS. 

Nominative ends in um. Stem ends in o. 

The ending um, like v in Greek, appears in the nominative of 
neuters belonging to what is called the second declension ; we say- 
that the stem ends in o, as regn-um stem regn-o, for the reasons 
assigned at page 28. 

We would not, however, be quite sure that m actually is the 
mark of the neuter gender ; according to the theory maintained 
by the advocates of the new system we have (taking the older 
forms of the Latin languages) 

MASCULINE NEUTER 

Nom. xoyo-g (logos) domino-s Nom. |iAo-v (xulon) regno-m 
Ace. xoyo-y (logon) domino-m Ace. fiAo-v (xulon) regno-m 
A.nd from a comparison of other declensions we are forced to 
conclude that, for the masculine gender, s is the mark of the 
nominative, and m that of the accusative. In the third declension 
many of the neuters have no distinctive mark at all, and end in 
the bare stem, as th-^s (teichos) for r«x s ? (teiches), where the s is 
no mark of the nominative, seeing that it appears also in the 
accusative ; sometimes even a letter of the stem is dropped in the 
nominative, as a-w^a (soma) from stem c-w^aT (somat). 

If we could admit that m denoted gender, we could at once 
account for both cases being alike, without any distinct case- 
endings at all ; but upon these minute points it is very difficult to 
arrive at a certain conclusion. 

i. Simples. 

ac-in-um 1 bon-um *citr— um 

*acbn-It— um bux-um cocc— um 

aev-um Jcael—um coen-um 

alb-um cael-um 2 coll— um 

*amom— um call-um 1 col— um 

*anetk— um carbas-a 3 corn— um 

*ams-um carr-um 1 * cost-urn 

arbut-um cav-um 1 *croc— urn 1 

arm-a Jcicc-um 1 *crystall-um 

aur-um *cinnam-um di-um 4 

1 The masculine forms in us also occur. 

2 Plural caeli (m) ; Ennius and other old writers make the singular 
masculine. The word is written coelum in some MSS. 

3 And carbasus m. and f. 4 Sometimes divum. 



SECOND OR O DECLENSION, NEUTERS. 



43 



Nominative ends in um. Stem ends in o. 



dors-um 1 
Jessed-um 2 

ferr— um 

fll-um 

foen— um 

for— um 

frag-a 

fret-um 
Jgaes-um 2 
Jgalban-um 2 
*gar— um 
tglast-um 
Jgless-um 2 
*hibisc— um 
fhil-um 

jug— um 

larid-um 3 

lib-um 

lin— um 

16r-um 

lut-um 4 

lut-um 

mal-um 

mend— um 



ment-um 

mer-um 
*metall-um 
*mor-um 

myrt— um 
*nard-um 

nauc-um 
*nitr-um 

oppid— um 5 
*ostr-um 



sag-um 1 

sal— um 

sarrac— um 

sax— um 
*schoen-um 1 

scut-um 

seb-um 7 

ser— um 

sin— um 1 

sol-um 

sorb-um 
J spar-urn 1 
fspic-um 8 

stann-um 



suppar-um 9 

tab-um 1 

tel-um 

terg-um 

tesc-a 

vail— um 

verb-um 

vin— um 

visc-um 1 

vol-em— a 



ov— um 
tpalp— um 
*papyr-um 
Jped-um 

pil-um 

pir-um 

plumb-um 

pom-um 

pond-o 6 

porr-um 1 

prim-urn 
Iquadr-um 

rap-um 

rusc-um 1 

Jusjurandum, in English we might hyphen two declinable 
words together, but we should not write them as one. The 
etymology of the word is plain. 

We leave the word remidcum ' a towing-barge ' or ' towing- 
rope ' to the consideration of the student. 

Two neuters occur with a nominative in us. 

vir— us volg— us 

1 The masculine forms in us also occur. 

2 These are foreign words. Glassum is supposed to be the same us 
our ' glass/ German glas. 

3 Contracted lardum. 4 And luteum. 

5 Supposed by some to be from the Greek word simt^oy (epipedon) 
i plane ' as opposed to arx the e citadel.' 

6 The stem pondo alone is found without any case-endings ; so in the 
compound trepondo. 7 Also written sevum. 

3 More commonly spica, f. 

9 And masc. supparus, said to be from the Greek cwpapo; or anrapag 
(siparos) ; compare crapula and scutula from the Greek xpatTraAn and 
s-nvra'Kn (craipale, and scutate). 



44 



SECOND OR O DECLENSION, NEUTERS. 



Nominative ends in um. Stem ends in o. 



it. a. Compounds. 
bi- du— um 
quatri- du-um 
tri- du-um 
com- mod-um 
in-com- mod-um 

/5. Greek Compounds. 
a-syl-um chiro-graph-um 



ttre- pond-o 

angT- port— um 

com- pit-um 

pro- tel-um 1 



inter- vall-um 
bi- vi-um 3 
quadrK- vi-um 
tri- vi-um 



melT-mel-a 



Nominative ends in cum. Stem ends in co. 



can-t-ieum 
class-icum 



icum, ico 
*tox-icum 



trit-icum 



Nominative ends in eum. Stem ends in eo. 



i. Simples. 
ador-eum 
aran-eum 

*aul-aeum 
baln-eum 3 
cad-uc— eum 4 
cast-5r-eum 
citr-eum 5 

ii. Compounds. 
inter- 



flamm-eum 

gan-eum 6 

liord-eum 

horr— eum 

lint-eum 

lut-eum 

must-ac-eum 7 



61-eum 
ostr-ea 6 
pll-eum 4 
*trop-aeum 
trull-eum 4 
vm-ac-eum 7 



an— ea° 



*soli- ferr-eum 



1 This word seems to mean ' a pushing forward/ and the verb 
pro-tel-a-re signifies ' to drive away, to protract.' Compare telum 
•' a missile.' 2 A word ambivium occurs in Varro as quoted by Nonius. 

3 A fuller form balineum occurs. 4 Also masculine. 

5 ' The fruit of the citron tree ; ' the tree itself is citrea, or more com- 
monly citrus, &c. 6 Also of the A declension. 

7 Aceum is the neuter of an adjective termination, and must-aceum 
is a 'wine-cake;' compare Cato R. B. 121. " Mustaceos sic facito : 
farina e siligineae modium unum musto conspergito." The word is, as 
in this passage, sometimes in the masculine form. 

8 'The inwards' or 'intestines;' aneum seems a termination put on to 
the word inter or intus, which signifies ' within.' In Pliny a word 
subtegulanea occurs in the sense of * pavements under cover.' 



SECOND OR O DECLENSION, — NEUTERS. 45 



Nominative ends in ium. Stem ends in 10. 



The termination ium is put on to the stems of verbs, sub- 
stantives, and adjectives ; it may be compared with the feminine 
termination ia. With verbal stems it denotes an act, or a state, 
and often corresponds to our ing as foeni-sic-ium ' haycut-ting/ 
melli-fic-ium ' honey-make-ing,' homi-cid-ium ( manslay-ing.' 
With substantive stems it often has a collective force, as 
bi-noct-ium ' the space of two nights,' bi-du-um l the space of 
two days ; ' so bi-enn-ium, &c. 

Sometimes it is a matter of question, whether the stem is from 
a substantive or from a verb, as judic-ium ' judging/ augur-ium 
' augur-ing 5 ' although as the verbs, judic-a-re, augur-a-re, are 
themselves derived from substantives, like numerous other verbs 
of the first conjugation, it is possible that the words in question 
are formed by affixing ium to the substantive-stems. 



1. Simples. 

*absintli-ium 

adult-er-ium 

all-ium 

ap-ium 

arbitr-ium 

atr-ium 

aug-ur-ium 

auc-sil-ium 1 

bas-ium 

brach-ium 
*carclies-ium 

cil-ic-ium 

eil-ium 

cis-ium 
*conchyl-ium 

cor-ium 



Jcrem-ia 
crep-und-ia 
cyb— ium 
dol-ium 
dom-m— ium 
fast-id-ium 2 
fast-ig-ium 3 
flam-in-ium 
fol-ium 
gland-ium 
grem— ium 

tgurgust-ium 
her-ed-ium 
hosp-it— ium 
jejun-ium 
jurg-ium 



tlam-ium 

lan-ic-ium 4 

laut-ia 

lic-ium 

lil-ium 

161-ium 
tlo-t— ium 

liid-i-br-ium 5 

mag-ister-ium 

man-ubr-ium 5 

med-ium 

mend-ac-ium 
I mil— ium 

mm-ium 

mm-ister-ium 

mun-ia 



1 Written auxilium. 

2 Is this word connected with fastu, now., fastus 

3 Cf. vestigium. 
5 In these words we have, properly speaking, a termination brium ; 

it will be seen further on that brum means an instrument ; and it is 



1 pride ' ? 
4 Sometimes spelt lanitium. 



curious that as the English for candelabrum is l candle-stick,' so for 
ludibrium it is ' laughing-stock,' and in German stock means ' stick.' 



46 



SECOND OH O DECLENSION, — -NEUTERS. 



Nominative ends in ium. Stem ends in 10. 



nasturt-ium 
^obs-on-ium 1 
od-iiim 
ost— ium 
6t-ium 
pall-ium 
pec-ul— ium 
praec-6n-ium 
praed-ium 
praem— ium 
prae-tor-ium 



prand-ium 
pret-ium 
proel-ium 
sac-erdot-ium 
*sand-al-ium 
serin— ium 
se-min— ium 
sen-ium 
«il-ent-ium 
sol-ium 



somn-mm 
spat— ium 
spol— ium 
*stad— ium 
stiid-ium 
suav— ium 2 
taed-ium 
vacc-in— ium 
vest-ig-ium 3 
vit-ium 



There is a curious word cupedia, which also is found in the 
feminine cupediae, and signifies i nice dishes/ or i a fondness for 
dainties/ If it were not for the quantity of the e, we should say 
it was compounded of cupi i desire/ and ed ' eat ; ' but inedia 
has the e short. 

Laserpitium occurs ; the name of a plant. 

Vituperium is read in some doubtful passages of Cicero : the 
root pit is to be seen in con-vit-ium. 



11. a,. Compounds. 

|cav- aed-ium 

in- cend— ium 

dis- cid-ium 

ex- cid— ium 

Jgeli- cid-ium 

} still!- cid-ium 4 

jfordi- cid-ium 

homi- cid-ium 

matri- cid-ium 

parri- cid-ium 



tyranm- 

con- 

domi- 

siiper- 

Jsemi' 

man- 

muni- 

{parti- 

prin- 

post-prin- 



cid-ium 
cil— ium 
cil-ium 5 
cil-iura 
cinct-ium 
cip— ium 
cip— ium 
cip-ium 
cip-ium 
cip— ia 



1 Also written opsonium. 

3 There is a verb vestlg-a-re. 



2 Also savium. 
But its derivation is uncertain. The 
student would do well to inquire what the termination Ig means, (ef. 
fastigium.) it occurs by no means so frequently as zg, which is generally 
from dg ' drive.' 

4 Cato, quoted by Festus, has a word stiricidium in the same sense, 
' the falling of drops of water, &c.' 

5 The cil in this word is curious. Is it merely a termination ai'ising 
from some diminutive of domus ? 



SECOND OR O DECLENSION, NEUTERS. 



47 



Nominative ends in ium. Stem ends in 10. 



oc- 

prae- 

tbi- 

*tri- 

domi- 

inter- 

X prae- 

con- 

au- 

in- 

c- 

prae-ju- 

in- 

bi- 

quadri- 

quinqu- 

sex- 

tri- 

aedi- 

arti- 

bene- 

maie- 

melli- 

of- 

X pani- 

sacri- 

vene- 

con- 

Jde- 

ef- 

ppo- 

$ quinque- 

jtri- 

in- 

Jlumbi- 

nau- 

suf- 

identi- 

oon- 



cip-it-ium 

cip-it-ium 

clln-ium 

clm-ium 

coen- ium 

col-umn— ium 

cord-ia 

ciib-ium 

cup— ium 

dic-ium 

dic-ium 

dic-ium 

dii-s-ium 

enn-ium 

enn-ium 

enn-ium 

enn-ium 

enn-ium 

fic-ium 

fic-ium 

fic-ium 

fic-ium 

fic-ium 

fic-ium 

fic-ium 

fic-ium 

fic-ium 

fin-ium 

fliiv— ium 

fliiv-ium 

fliiv— ium 

f 61— ium 

fol-ium 

fort-un-ium 

frag-ium 

frag-ium 

frag-ium 

fric-ium 

fiig— ium 



dif- 

ef- 
per- 
re- 
regi- 
suf- 
trans- 
lati- 
in- 
lit- 
nav- 
prod- 
rem- 
com- 
ex- 
in- 
con- 
per- 
col- 
privi- 
sacri- 
aequi- 
J de- 
til- 
post- 

de- 

ob- 

al- 

col- 

e- 

tmulti- 

tpanci- 

jstulti- 

Jveri- 

di- 

inter- 

pleni- 

di- 

re- 



fug-ium 

fiig-ium 

fiig-ium 

fug-ium 

fiig-ium 

fug-ium 

fiig-ium 

fund— ium 

gen-ium 

ig-ium 

ig— ium 

ig-ium 

ig-ium 

it-ium 

it— ium 

it-ium 

jiig-ium 

jur-ium 

leg-ium 

leg— ium 1 

leg-ium 

libr-ium 

lic-ium 

lic-ium 

Hm-in-ium 

liqu-ium 

Hv-ium 

loqu-ium 

loqu-ium 

loqu-ium 

loqu-ium 

loqu-ium 

loqu-ium 

loqu-ium 

lud-ium 

lun-ium 

lun-ium 

luv-ium 

med-ium 



1 This word has two senses: one points to privus (stem, privo). 
another to primus (stem, primo). 



48 SECOND Oil O DECLENSION, NEUTERS. 



Nominative ends in ium. Stem ends in 10. 



com- 


merc-ium 


op- 


probr-ium 




dl- 


mid-iura 


pro- 


pud-ium 5 




com- 


mil-it-ium 


re- 


piid-ium 




trT- 


mod— ium 


tri- 


pud-ium 




po- 


moer-ium 1 


prae- 


put-ium 




inter- 


mund— ium 


prae- 


sag-ium 




aeqm- 


noct— ium 


Jdent!- 


scalp-ium 




bi- 


noct-ium 


post- 


scen-ium 


' 


-ttri- 


noct-ium 


Itri- 


scurr-ia 




inter- 


nod— ium 


|foenT- 


sec-ium 




con- 


nub-ium 2 


Ibi- 


sell-ium 






nunt-ium 3 


sub- 


sell-ium 




inter- 


ord-Tn-ium 


ob- 


sequ-ium 




ex- 


ord-ium 


dis- 


sid-ium 




piim- 


ord-ia 


prae- 


sid-ium 




neg- 


6t— ium 


ob- 


sid-ium 




bi- 


pal-ium 


sub- 


sid-ium 




com- 


pend-ium 


de- 


sider-ium 




dis- 


pend-ium 


con- 


sil-ium 6 




im- 


pend-ium 


ex- 


sil-ium 6 




sti- 


pend-ium 4 


in- 


somn-ium 




sus- 


pend-ium 


con- 


sort-ium 




puer- 


per— ium 


au- 


spic-ium 




im- 


per— ium 


exti- 


spic-ium 


& 


sup- 


plic-ium 


haru- 


spic-ium 




Jcom- 


pliiv— ium 


igni- 


spic-ium 




im- 


pluv-ium 


lecti- 


stern-ium 




tre- 


po-t-ia 


J u " 


st-it-ium 




JassT- 


pond-ium 


sol- 


st-it-ium 




% centum - 


pond— ium 


su- 


spir-lum 




maim- 


pret-ium 


con- 


tag-ium. 





Also written pomerium. It is derived from po, which appears in 
post and pone, and moerus (stem moero), the old form of murus. 

2 Sometimes connubiuffi. 

3 See note on nuntius, in Compounds in ins. 

4 This is the usual derivation, hut possibly endium may be a termina- 
tion ; if so, it should be divided stip-end-ium ; compare crepundia, n. 
The % is common. 5 The quantity of the o is common. 

6 The root sil in these words is supposed by some grammarians to be 
no other than sed ' sit ; ' if so, consilium is ' a sitting together.* 



SECOND OR O DECLENSION, NEUTERS. 



49 



Nominative ends in ium. Stem ends in 10. 



con- tic-m— ium 1 
inter- tign-ium 
con- tub-era— iiim 

di- verb-ium 

pro- verb-ium 

tveri- verb-ium 



Greek Coinpounds. 

■e-16g-ium 
em-por-ium 



per- vTg-il-ium 
con- vit-ium 2 
con- vlv-ium 
di- vort-ium 
sub- urb-ium 



horo-log-ium 



pro-oem-ium 



Among the words which end in ium, are found a few which end 
in cin-ium and mon-ium. The latter looks like a mere termi- 
nation ; but in two of the words which have the former ending 
we have a reference to can, the root of can-ere ' to sing ; ' there 
can be no doubt about the word galli-cin~ium, which means the 
■ f cock-crowing/ though there might be some dispute as to the 
word vati-cin-ium ; except however we take can in the sense of 
6 playing a part/ that root will not apply to latro-cin-ium, 
ratio-cin-ium, &c. Note further, that from the stems' latron, 
ration, we ought to expect latroni-cin-ium, rationi-cin-ium — 
w r hereas the n of the stem is dropped. However, as the lists 
stand by themselves, the student may speculate upon them. 



Jgalli-cinium 
latro-cinium 
leno-cinium 



patro-cinium 
ratio-cinium 



tiro-cinium 
vati-ciniuui 



Compare the feminine mon-ia. 

Jal-T-monium merc-i-monium 

matr-i-momum patr — Tmonium 



test-i-monium 
vad-i-monium 



1 The syllable in is difficult to account for; compare the word 
sterquilinium, 

2 More commonly written convicium. 



50 



SECOND OR, O DECLENSION, NEUTERS. 



Nominative ends in ium . Stem ends in 10. 



This denotes the place where anything is kept, as aer-arium 
1 a place where money is put/ avi-arium ' a place for birds/* 
ros-arium ' a bed of roses." Sometimes it denotes ' thing,' 'stuff/ 
as igni-arium ' fire-stuff* or c touchwood,' sub-arium 'a thing 
to wipe off perspiration/ ( a napkin ' or e handkerchief, sol-arium 
"' a sun-dial.' 

The termination is properly the neuter of an adjective, and, as 
before seen, the masculine arius means a person who has the care 
of anything. The feminine aria is rare. See p. 13 and 33. 

Some of the stems belong to the a declension, as rosa, corolla, 
tabula ; we have supposed the a to go out before the termination. 

i. Simples. 



ac-et— aria 
aer-arium 
aes-tu-arium 
alb-arium 
alv-e— arium 
ap-i-arium 
arm-a-ment-arium 
arm-arium 
auc-t— arium 
av-i— arium 
bell— aria 
brev-i-arium 
Jcalc-e— arium 
-calend— arium 
carn-arium 
cer— arium 
cet— aria 
clav— arium 
cochl-e-arium 
t column— arium 
columb— arium 



cong-i-anum 
coroll-arium 
di— arium 
don-arium 
fust-u— arium 1 
Jglh— arium 
hon-or— arium 
Jign-i-arium 
lep-6r— arium 
lib-r— arium 
jloc— arium 
J m ell— arium 
mill-i-arium 
mort— arium 
J muse— arium 
jnub-il-arium 
os t-i— arium 
ostr-e— arium 
pan— arium 2 
plant— arium 



pul-m ent-ariu m 

Jrat-ion-ariuni 
ros-arium 
sacr-arium 
sal-arium 
se-m in— arium 
sig-ill— arium 
sol-arium 
spol-i-arium 
sud— arium 
tab-iil— arium 
tep-id— arium 

J turd— arium 
vap- or— arium 
vas— arium 

|vel— arium 
vi- 61— arium 
vir-id— arium 

Jvit-i-arium 3 

viv-arium 

ulm-arium 



pom— arium 

Dicterium in the sense of a sharp saying occurs in an epigram 
of Martial. Slparium has a. 



A cudgelling.' There is no stem fustu ; but fusti, nom.fustis. 
'A bread-basket,' from stem pant, nom.panis: the vowel i disap- 
pears before the termination , whereas in igni-arium it remains. 



i ( 

2 



3 ( 



A place of vines, from stem viti. 



SECOND OR O DECLENSION, NEUTERS. 51 

Nominative ends in ium. Stem ends in 10. 

ii. Compounds. 
com- ment-arium 1 e- rais-s-arium ad- ver-s-arium 



Generally signifies l a place where/ and is put on to participial 
stems ending in to or so ; the vowel of the stem disappears ; in 
fact, the words, with one or two exceptions, might be arranged 
cinder the headings torium and sorium. 

The word auditorium, besides meaning a 4 lecture-room/ de- 
notes also i a collection of hearers ; ' and for that sense of the 
word, it might be with greater propriety divided, auditor-ium. 



i. Simples. 

aud-it— orium 
6per-t-orium 
port-orium 

ii. Compounds. 

|se- clu-s-orium 
con- dl-t-orium 
ol- fac-t-orium 



sud-at-orium 
tec-t-orium 



dir- ibi-t-orium 3 
Jad- ju-t— orium 
pro-, mont-orium 



ten-t-orium 
tterr-it-orium 2 



jre- pos-it-orium 
di- ver-s— orium 4 



Hum and itium, tio and itio 
This termination may be compared with itia and ities ; it seem> 
i denote a state, as calv-itium 'bald-ness,' serv-itium 'slavery.' 



r.- Simples. 

calv-itium 
fcap-itium 

ii. Compounds. 

ex- erc-itium 



sol-a-tium 



flag-itium 
serv-itium 



sod-al-itium 



con- serv-itium 



1 Also masculine. 

2 Used in the sense of ' a district near a town,' according to Varroj 
who adds " quod maxime teritur." Whereas Frontinus says, "Territo- 
riuin est quidquid hostis terrendi causa constitutum est " (?) 

3 Some would divide it di-rib-it-orium ; it is a difficult word. 

4 And deversorium. 



52 SECOND OR O DECLENSION, NEUTERS. 

Nominative ends in lum. Stem ends in lo. 

Under this termination are many diminutives, as may be seen 
from the words ending in ulum, olum, ellum, and ilium ; the same 
remark applies to most words in culum ; but several substantives 
of the latter termination signify an instrument, as po-culum ( a 
drinking-cup,' fer-culum ' a tray ; ' a similar explanation may be 
given for nearly all those in bulum ; this termination may be com- 
pared with brum, when we consider that the liquids I and r are 
liable to be interchanged, as dexter, dextella. Cf. the cor- 
responding masculine and neuter terminations, 

i. Simples. 

*cymb-a-lum pre-lum tem-p-lum a 

*id-6-lum sib-i-lum 1 ve-lum 3 

*nau-lum sorb-i-lum 

ii. Compound. 

ex- em-p-lum* 

ettum, ello 
This and the following termination are forms which result from 
contraction 5 for either ulum has been put on to a word which 
had received that ending already, as po-culum, stem po-culo, and 
then po-cul-ulum, contracted into pocillum; or else part of a 
stem ending in ro, no, or lo, has coalesced with the termination 
idum, &sJlag~ro, Jtag-rulum, fiagellum. 

1. Simples. 

b-ellum 5 lab-ellum frut-ellum 

cast-ellum liic-ellum* sac-ellum 

cer-e-b-ellum mac-ellum scab-ellum 1 

fl-a-b-ellum plost-ellum scalp-ellum 1 

flag-ellum rost-ellum 



11. Compound. 



tper- du-ellum 



1 Also masculine. 

2 Properly ' the space marked out for the purpose of taking observa- 
tions in augury, &c. ;' compare the verb ' contempla-rL' 

3 Root veh ' carry.' 

4 From the root em ( take ;' e a thing taken out/ c a specimen,' 'ex- 
ample ;' p is often inserted after m, as hiemps, templum, sumptus, $c* 

5 Anciently written duellum, from duo i two ; ' perduellum* 
fi That is lucrulum l a little gain.' 



SECOND OR O DECLENSION, NEUTERS, 



53 



Nominative ends in lum. Stem ends in lo. 



bac-illum 
bat-ilium 1 
os-c-illum 2 
pen-Tc-illum 1 



ilium, illo 
pist-illum 1 
po-c-illum 
sal-ilium 
si2:-illum 



spec-ilium 
teg-illum 
tig-ill um 
vec-s-illum 3 



Villum for vinulum t small wine ' is found in Ter. Adelph. 5, 2, .11. 

olum, bio 
Is a diminutive like ilium ; it is put on to substantives whose 
stem end in io or eo. The final o of those stems is dropped, as the 
final a went out before the termination ola. 

e-blum, e-blo 
baln-eolum lint-eolum pil-eolum 1 

tflamm-eolum 

i-olum, i-blo 
i. Simples. 
ac-tuar-iolum dol-iolum 

arm-ar-iolum tost-iolum 

atr-iolum 6t-iolum 

brach-iolum pall-iolum 

ii. Compounds. 

Jde- lic-iolum 
| com- ment-ar-iolum 

ulum, iilo 
Cf. the corresponding masculine and feminine terminations. 
i. Simples. 

oppid-ulum 
post-Tc-ulum 
prat-ulum 
Jrap-ulum 
sag-ulum 
saec-ulum 
sax-ulum 



|neg- 
de- 



pan-ar-iolum 
praed-iolum 
suav-iolum 
tec-tor-iolum 

ot-iolum 
ver-sor-iolum 



cap-it-ulum 
fcoc-ulum 
crust-ulum 
eb-ulum 
ep-ulum 4 
erg-ast-ulum 5 
jac-ulum 
jug-ulum 1 



scu-t-ulum 
spec-ulum 
spic-ulum 
strag-ulum 6 
teg-ulum 
fung-ulum 
vinc-ulum 



1 Masculine forms in us occur. 

2 That is os-cul-ulum ' a very pretty little mouth. 5 

3 Written vexillum. 

4 Unless this is e-pulum from ed i eat;' but the e is short, which is 
rather against that conjecture. 

5 From the Greek stem erg-asta ' workman.' Lucilius, quoted by 
Nonius, uses ergastulus for ( a slave confined in an ergastulum.' 

6 Is this stra-gulum from stra ' strew ' a root seen in stra-tus, stra- 
men. &c. ? 



54 SECOND OR O DECLENSION, NEUTERS. 

Nominative ends in lum. Stem ends in lo. 

ii. Compounds (in ulum). 

co- ag-ulum am- lc-ulum re- pag-ula 

mus- cup-alum 1 di- luc— ulum fin- strag-ulum 2 

bulum, bulo 
Signifies an instrument, vessel, and is added on to the stems of 
substantives or verbs. 

I. Simples. 

acet-a-bulum pat-T-bulum tri-bulum 4 

cun-a-bula rut-a-bulum tur-i-buluru 

lat-i-bulum Jsess-i-bulum ven-a-bulnm 

Jmend-ic-a-bulum sta-bulum vest-T-bulum 

pa-bulum 3 tin-tinn-a-bulum voc-a-bulum 

II. Compounds. 

con- cil-ia-bulum JniicT- frang-T— bulum 

in- cun-a-bula Jin- fund-i-bulum 

Identi- frang-T-bulum J ex- or-a-bula 

culum, culo 
Culum is sometimes a diminutive j at other times it means an 
instrument. It is often contracted into clum. Many of the words 
are merely the neuters of adjectives used substantively. 

i. Simples. 

Jasser-culum 5 corp-us-culum cub-i-culum 

coen-a-culum crep-ita-culum curr-i-culum 

cor-culum 6 crep-us— culum tfoen-us— culum 

corn-i-culum Jcrus-culum fer-culum 7 



1 Also mus-cipula. 

2 Is this stra-guluni from stra ' strew,' a root seen in stra-tus, 
stra-men, &c. ? 

3 Root pa 'feed; so fod-der means ' that which feeds/ 

4 Root ter, or tri e rub ;' whence ter-o, tri-vi. 

5 Sometimes masculine. 

6 This word is peculiar, the root is cord {cor, cord-is), analogy there- 
fore would, have led us to expect a diminutive cord-ulum, since cord- 
culum would have given an unpleasant collocation of consonants. 

7 'A course of dishes at table ;' or rather the ' tray upon which the 
dishes are carried;' from the rooter 'bear.' 



SECOND OR O DECLENSION, — NEUTERS. 



55 



Nominative ends in lum. Stem ends in lo. 



Igal-eri-culum 
gen-i-culum 
giib-erna-culum 
hlb-erna-culum 
jec-us— culum 
jent-a-culum 

fjus-culum 
lat-us-culum 
mell-i-culum 
mir-a-culum 
mun-us-culum 
61-us-culum 
6p-er-culum 



op-us-culum 
6r-a-culum 
os-culum 
per-I-culum 
pi-a-culum 
po— culum 
pond-us-culum 
tpug-na-culum 
raud-us-culum 
ret-i-culum 1 
rld-i-culum 
sar-culum 1 
spec-ta-culum 



ii. Compounds. 

re- cep-ta-culum Jcircum- 
-j-dis- cern-i-culum sus- 
sub- lig-a-culum re- 
ad- min-i-culum - con- 
per- pend-T-culum e- 
pro- pug-na-culum di- 
de- rid-i-culum 



spir-a-culum 
tstat-i— culum 
tab-erna-culum 
terr-i-culum 
tom-a-culum 
tor-culum 
tub-er-culum 
tus-culum 
vas-culum 
veli-i-cuflum 
tver-culum 
ulc-us-culum 
umbr-a-culum 

spir-a-culum 
ten-ta-culum 
tin-a-culum 2 
ven-ti— culum 
verr-T-culum 
vert-T-culum 



A phrase subiculum fiagvi occurs, Plaut. Pers. 3, 3, 13, and is 
explained by l qui flagris subjicitur ;' if that is the true reading 
we would divide the word sub-tc-ulum, and say that the root was 
ic, an old form of jac, which occurs in ic-tus, am-ic-ulum ; but 
some read sudiculum. 

Redimi-culum is ' a thing to bind round,' ' a band j ' there is 
a verb redimi-re, but its derivation is obscure ; the preposition 
red in the same sense as re occurs in many words, red-i-re e to 
go back,' red-d-ere 'to put back; but what is im-il It is 
not improbable that red is an older form of re, and prod (in 
prod-est, &c.) of pro ; if the ideas of ' back ' and l round ' 
may be referred to the same conception, for indeed going round 
is the act of constantly going back to the point you started from, 
then we may compare red with rot-a 'a wheel,' and perhaps 
with our rou(n)d. 

1 Sometimes masculine. 

2 There is no verb retina-re, but retine-re j' and according to analogy 
the word should be retinicidum ; but that form presents so many short 
syllables together. 



56 



SECOND OR O DECLENSION, NEUTERS. 



i. Simples. 

ah-e-num 

da-m-num 

do-num 

fa-num 

fre-num 1 

ii. Compound. 



i. Simples. 
bucc-inura 2 
fasc-inum 3 



Nominative ends in num. Stem ends in no. 

sig-num 



gra-num 

lig-num 

pru-num 

reg-num 

scam-num 



inter- reg-num 



inum, ino 



stag-num 
tig-num 
*tymp-a-num 



\j — 



ven-e-num 



tpast-inum 



ii. Compounds. 

tri- nund-inum 



{succ-inum 



Jtri- pat-inum 



mum, ino 



fcat-inum 3 
lup-inum 3 

alb-urnum 



Compare the feminine ina, p. 21. 

pist-tr-inum {tab-1-inum 4 

{terg-inum 



sal-inum 

urnum, 
tlab-urnum 



urnum, urno 



vib-urnum 



Nominative ends in rum. Stem ends in no. 

This may be compared with pov {ron) in Greek, which is the 
neuter of an adjective termination. 

*ast-rura fulc-rum sac-rum 

*cent-rum lab-rum scalp-rum 5 

flag-rum prob-rum s tup-rum 

The derivation of caliendrum l an ornament for the head/ and 
the Greek word barathrum is uncertain. 

1 In the plural, masculine also. 

2 There is also buccina. 3 Sometimes masculine. 

4 A contraction for tabulinum which some read ; * a place where re- 
cords are kept.' 5 Celsus uses scalper, pri, m. also. 



SECOND OR DECLENSION, NEUTERS. 



57 



Nominative ends in rum. Stem ends in ro. 

brum, bro 

This and the following termination signify an instrument. 

i. Simples. 

fla-brum vol-iita-brum 

mem— brum vent-Tla-brum 



cand-ela-brum 
cer-e— brum 
cri— brum 



ii. Compounds. 



de- lu-brum 



An old word pollubrum, which signifies a e basin to wash the 
hands or feet in ;' the root lu means 'wash/ and pol may be for 
per, or for the old preposition por. 



i. Simples. 

amb-ula-crum 
lu-crum 

ii. Compound. 



i. Simple. 



crum, cro 
sep-ul-crum 

in- vol-u-crum 
erum, ero 

jug-erum 



sim-ula-crum 



ii. Compounds. 

Jse- mi-jug-erum 



Jsesqui- jug-eruru 



trum and strum 
It is sometimes difficult to say whether the s of words ending in 
strum belongs to the stem or to the termination ; the corresponding 
Greek endings are -rpov (iron) and c-rpov (stron). They are added 
to verbal stems and denote 'an instrument,' as ara-trum, apo-rpov 
(arotron) ' a ploughing-thing,' l a plough ;' or a locality, as 
thea-trum l a seeing-place.' 



*an-trum 
ar-a-trum 



trum, tro 

claus-trum 1 
*elec-trum 



fer-e-trum 
Jfulg-e-trum 



1 Perhaps the s in these words (plaustrum, &c.) has been changed 
from d of the roots claud, plaud, rad and rod. 



58 SECOND OR O DECLENSION, NEUTERS. 

Nominative ends in rum. Stem ends in no. 



haus-trum 1 
mule— tram 2 
plaus-trum 3 
*plec-trum 
ras-trum 3 and 4 



ros-trum 3 
tru-trum 

scep-trum 
{tal-i-trum 
*tlie-a-trum 



trans— train 
ver-a-trum 
ver-e-trum 
vi-trum 



*alab-a-strum 5 
tap-i-a-strum 
ca-stra 6 
*can-i-strum 



strum, stro 



cap-i-strum 
col-o-stra 7 
tlig-u-strum 
lu-stram 



mon-strum 
Jsal-Tc-a-strum 
*si-strum 



Nominative ends in sum. Stem ends in so. 

The words in this list are neuters of participles. They signify 
the result of the action of the verb. 



i. Simples. 

au— sum mul-sum 

jus-sum pas-sum 

mor-sum pen-sum 

In purpurissum the termination seems to be issum. 



sen-sum 
vi-sum 



ii. Compounds. 



con- ces-sum 
in- ci-sum 
ad- mis-sum 



com- mis-sum corn-pro- mis-sum 
pro- mis-sum re- spon-sum 



1 From the stem hauri e draw,' (inf. hauri-re.) 

2 From mulg-e-re to e milk.' 

3 Perhaps the s in these words has been changed from d of the roots 
claud, plaud, rad and rod. 

4 In the plural, more frequently masculine. 

5 And alabaster, tri. m. 

6 The singular castrum occurs in good authors in the sense of ' a 
fort.' The derivation is doubtful. 7 And of the A Declension. 



SECOND OR O DECLENSION, NEUTERS. 



59 



Nominative ends in tum. Stem ends in to. 



i. Simples. 

ac-ta 

arbus-tum 

auc-tum 

bus-turn 

car-ec-tum 1 

cer-a-tum 2 

coep-tum 

con-a-ta 

cred-T-tum 

crus-tum 

dic-tum 

err-a-tum 

far-turn 

fa-tum 

fil-ic-tum 1 

frus-tum 



Mostly neuters of participles. 



frut-ec-tum 1 

fur-tum 

le-tum 3 

lib-T-tum 

lup-a-ta 

mand-a-tum 

marm-6r-a— tum 

mer-i— tum 

mon-T-tum 4 

mus-tum 

pac-tum 

pal-a-tum 5 

pecc-a-tum 

petorr-i-tum 6 

pos-tula-tum 



pulp-i-tum 
punc-tum 
sal-ic-tum 1 
sci-tum 
scor-tum 
scrip-turn 
Jscrii-ta 
sep-tum 
ser-ta 7 
spii-tum 
tab-iila-tum 
tec— tum 
tes-tum 
ver-u-tum 
virg-ul-tum 1 
vo-tum 



pra— tum 

Vervactum is ' land ploughed up after lying fallow/ especially 
in the early part of the year, and is said to be derived from ver 
and ag-ere ; if so, this points to vag as the original form of the 
root ag, perhaps the same as our wag, wag-on, &c. 



i. Compounds. 


- 


in- cep-tum 


bene- fac— tum 


prae- cep-tum 


male- fac-tum 


re- cep-tum 


an- frac-tum 4 


Jin- ces-tum 


jde- frii-tum 


Jde- coc— tum 


de- lie— turn 


de- cre-tum 


pol- luc-tum 


ac- cub-i— tum 


com- men— tum 


bene- die— tum 


pro- mer-T-tum 


e- die— tum 


ad- mon-i-tum 


inter- dic-tum 


e- nunt-ia— turn 8 


male- dic-tum 


pro- nunt-ia— turn 8 


ef- fa-tum 


X contra- pos-i-tum 



1 Compare the termination ttum. 2 Or cerotum. 

3 Or lethum 4 And of the U Declension masculine. 

5 Sometimes masculine. 

6 A foreign word, meaning ' a chariot or carriage ;' either from the 
Gallic pedicar 'four,' or from the old Greek niropsg {petores). 



7 And serf a, ac f. 



See p. 32, n. 6. 



60 



SECOND OR O DECLENSION, NEUTERS. 



Nominative ends in tum. Stem ends in to. 



Jinter- 

plebi- 

prae- 

pro- 

con- 

Jdis- 

in- 

con- 



punc-tum 

sci-tum 

sci-tum 

sec-tum 

sep-tuin 

sep-tum 

stit-u-tum 

stra-tum 



con- 

os- 

por- 

prae- 

con- 

e- 

in- 



sul— turn 

ten-turn 

ten-tum 

tex-tum 

ven-tum 

ven-tum 

ven-tum 



Exta is derived, according to Festus, from ex and sec, and is a 
contraction of ex-sec-ta (?) 

Lumectum occurs in Varro for ' a collection of thorns ; ' and 
as carec-tum is formed from the stem carec (nom. carex) we might 
look for a stem lumec ; but the word which is found in Varro in 
the sense of ' a thorn' is luma. 

Senatus-consultum is an example of two nouns being written as 
one ; so also paterfamilias. 

etum, eto 
Etum signifies a collection of things, or at any rate a place 
where things are collected, and by good authors is almost in- 
variably put on to a plant or tree, as quercetum 'an oak grove,' 
pin-etum ' a pin-ery.' Cicero, however, uses sax-eium for ' a 
place full of rocks.' 

ac-etum 

aes-ciil-etiim 

arund-m— etum 

cal-am-etum 
Jcorn-etum 

eor-yl-etum 

ciipress-etum 

dum-etum 

fic-etum 
jfim-etum 

frut-Tc-etum 
tfun— etum 
Iglabr-eta 

Senti-cetum is used by Plautus for f a place where brambles 
grow ; ' he is attempting a pun on the word sentis : " non enim 
es in senticeto : eo non sentis." Capt. 4. 2. 80. 

Veminetum i a place where osiers grow' is used by Varro. 

1 And murtetum. There is also myrteta, f. 

2 'An oil press ; also trapetus (m.), and plural trapetes (stem tra- 
pet). Perhaps it should rather be divided trap-et-um. 



il-ic-etum 
ljunc— etum 
laur-etum 
Jmas-cul-etum 
mor-etum 
myrt— etum 1 
61— etum 
61-iv-etum 
palm-etum 
pin-etum 
Ipop-iil-etum 
Jporc-ul-etum 



querc-etum 

ros— etum 

riib-etum 
Jsax-etum 
Jsep-ulcr— etum 

spln-etum 
ftem-etum 
*trap-etum 2 
|tuc-etum 

virg-etum 

vin-etum 
Jvir-etum 



\ 



SECOND OR O DECLENSION, NEUTERS. 



61 



Nominative ends in tum. Stem ends in to. 



arg— entum 1 
carp— entum 



en-turn, en-to 

flu— entum 
pil-entum 



*tal-entum 
ungu— entum 



men-turn, men-to 
This termination is put on to many verbal stems, and appears 
in English as ment, e. g. armament, firmament, fragment ; it 
corresponds to the termination men, and many words appear in 
both forms, as conamentum and conamen, levamentum and lev amen, 
tegmentum and teg men. See under men. 



i. Simples, 

aer-a-mentum 
al-i— mentum 
a-mentum 
arg-u— mentum 
ar-mentum 
arm- a— menta 
aug-mentum 
aequ-a-m entum 
atr-a-mentum 
auc-tor-a-mentum 
bland-i-mentum 
cap-ill-a— mentum 
cae— mentum 2 
calc-e -a-mentum 
jcon- a-mentum 
cond-i-mentum 
cor-ona-mentum 
cruc-ia— m entum 
doc-ii-m entum 
dur-a— mentum 
ele-m entum 3 
ferr-a-mentum 



fer-mentum 

fi rm- a-mentum 

form-a-mentum 

fund-a-mentum 

fo-mentum 

frag-mentum 

fru— mentum 

J glu-tina-mentum 
hon-est-a-mentum 
hor-ta-mentum 

I host-i-m entum 
lm-ita-mentum 
ju-mentum 
la-mentum 
lax-a-mentum 
len-i-m entum 
lev-a-mentum 
lib-a-m entum 
lib-ra-m entum 
lin- a-mentum 

' lme-a— mentum 
16 c-iil- a-mentum 



mach-m-a— m entu m 
med-ic-a— mentum 
med-ita-m entum 
m 61-1— mentum 
mo— mentum 
m on-u-m entum 
m un-i— m entu m 

I md-a-mentum 
nut-ii-m entum 
6d-6r-a— m entum 
6-m entum 
op- eii-m entum 
orn-a— mentum 
pal-ud-a-m entum 
pav-i-mentum 
ped-a-meutum 

tpen-Tcula-mentum 

Jpi-a-mentum 
pig-mentum 
plac-a-mentum 
pol-i— menta 
pul-m entum 



1 Probably from the root arg ' white,' or l bright,' which appears in 
arg-illa ' clay,' and in several Greek words. 

2 Perhaps from the root caed ( cut.' 

3 Some say this is L M N-tum i.e. el-em-en-tum, as in Shakespere's 
King John. l< And then comes answer like an Absey book," i.e. 
ABC book. 



G 



62 



SECOND OR O DECLENSION, NEUTERS. 



Nominative ends in tum. Stem ends in to. 



pulp-a— mentum 
purg-a— m entum 
ra-m entum 
rud-I-m entum 
sac-ra— mentum 
sal-s-a— m entum 
sar— mentum 
Jsci-ta-menta 
sed-i-m entum 

ii. Compounds. 

co- ag-mentum 
in- can-ta— mentum 
ci-sa— mentum 
ci-ta-mentum 
ci-ta-m entum 
cre-m entum 
cre-mentum 
di-ta— mentum 



gno-m entum 



4.XC- 

con- 
in- 
ex- 
in- 
ad- 
co- 

de- hon-est-a-mentum 
e- jec-ta-m entum 
m- tt-ia— mentum 
ad- ju-m entum 
de- lec-ta— mentum 
ob- lec-ta-m entum 1 
de- len-i-m entum 
al- lev-a-mentum 
de- lir-a— mentum 



seg-m entum 
sep-i— m entum 
splr-a-m entum 
spiss-a-m entum 
sta-bili-mentum 
stern-uta-m entum 
stra-m entum 
| strig— mentum 
teg-m entum 



e- 

ir- 

in- 

ante- 

itn- 

Iprae- 

ex- 

com- 

ex- 

sup- 

in- 

in- 

in- 

de- 

tob- 

in- 

a- 



tem p-er-a— m entum 
ten-ta-m entum 
test-a— mentum 
to-m entum 
tor— mentum 
turb-a- mentum 
tut-a— mentum 
Yel-a-m entum 
vest-i-m entum 

mol-u— mentum 
rit- a-m entum 
stru-mentum 
pag— mentum 
ped-i— mentum 
ped-i— mentum 
per-T-m entum 
pie— mentum 
pie— mentum 
ple-ni entum 
qum-a-mentum 
stru— mentum 
teg-m entum 
tii-m entum 
tur-a— mentum 
vi-ta- mentum 
voc-a— mentum 



Nominative ends in vum or uum. Stem ends in vo or uo. 



ar-vum 

{er-vum 

i. Simples. 



febr-ua 



don-at-ivum 

ii. Compound. inter- pen-s-ivum 

END OF O DECLENSION. 



pasc-uum 
ol-ivum 



1 Also ending in men, minis. 



THIRD OR I DECLENSION, 



We divide what is usually called the Third Declension into 
two parts : 

I. Substantives whose stem ends in I. 
II. Substantives whose stem ends in a Consonant. 

It will be seen that the second division is the more numerous, 
and that most of these substantives have a consonant immediately 
before the case-endings, as reg-is, reg-em ; so mont-em, lapid-em, 
ration-em, parent-em, &c. ; or as we express it, that the stem 
ends in a consonant. 

But the question is, are there any whose stem ends in a vowel ? 
In the first declension a predominates, in the second o, in the 
fourth u, and in the fifth e is perceptible ; it remains then to 
inquire whether or not we can establish an I Declension. If so, 
it would really be better to make a sixth declension. 

Take the substantives of which the nominative ends in es or is, 
and which do not increase hi the genitive, as nubes, navis. Now 
if you say that the stems are nub and nav, you may perhaps find 
no great difficulty in accounting for the other cases, but you must 
add es or is to form the nominative. But the analogy of the 
language seems to show that the nominative is either(«) the same 
as the stem, as musa, error, pater, imber, to say nothing of the 
neuters, fulgur, cadaver, &c. ; or else that it is(/2) formed by the 
addition of s, as hiem-s, princep-s. 

But there are peculiarities both ways. 

a The last letter of a stem is often dropped in the nominative, 
as stems ration, sermon, nom. ratio, sermo ; or there is a 
difference of vowel, as stem pectin, nom. pecten; or 
both together, as stem imagin, which is supposed to be 
equivalent to imagon, nom. imago. 

$ The nominative in s is often not recognised at first, by 
reason of euphonic changes; thus it sometimes unites 
with c or g and forms x, as from stems luc, pac, reg, we 
have the nominatives lues, pacs, regs ; obscured by the 
common orthography lux, pax, rex. At other times 



64 THIRD OR I DECLENSION. 

the final letter of the stem is lost sight of, as from the 
stems lapid, custod, mont, frond, we have the nomina- 
tives lapis, custos, mons,frons; and occasionally a two- 
fold instance occurs, as with stem noct, where in the 
nom. you lose the t and find nox (noes). 

Still there is a strong probability in favour of s alone being the 
sign of the nominative, and as our theory gives us dominu-s (for 
domino-s), gradu-s, dies, so we believe in a stem navi, nom. 
navi-s, vi nom. vi-s, &c. 

Similarty, we think that the stem is nubi, although the nom. 
is nubes. For the vowels e and i are much confounded in this 
declension, the better MSS. give, for example, abl. sing, navi, 
nom. and ace. plur. navis, where the printed books often read 
nave and naves. 

Again, looking at the accusative singular we find evidence of 
an I Declension. If we are right in saying m is the sign of the 
accusative case, or in other words, what is added to form an 
accusative, as in penna-m, domino-m, fructu-m, and re-m, then 
such forms as ovi-m, turri-m, (and the ace. in im is the older 
form,) give us stems ending in i. 

And in the ablative singular we have ara, servo, gradu, spe, 
and, what again is the older and sometimes only form, turri, vi, 
&c. ; so that again we are led by analogy to an I Declension. 

We assume also that the neuters in e have a stem in i, mari, 
reti, &c. 

It often happens that a word has two stems, one ending in i, 
and another ending in a consonant, as plebi nom. plebes, and 
pleb nom. plebs. 

The first division then will contain those words which we 
suppose to have a stem ending in i> and they will be arranged 
under the following headings : — 

Stem i > 

i { Fern, and Masc. 



om. 


es 


}■> 


is 


a 


Us 


om. 


e 


» 


le 


z> 


re 



ll 



Stem i 






li y Neuters. 
ri ' 



THIRD OR I DECLENSION. 



65 



EEMININES. 

Nominative ends in es. Stem ends in i. 



:. Simples. 










aed-es 




lu-es 




sep-es 


caed-es 




mel-es 1 




sord-es 


clad-es 




mol-es 




sti'ag-es 


caut-es 




nub-es 




stru-es 


crat-es 




pal-umb-es 2 




sud-es 1 


fam-es 




pleb-es 




tab— es 


fel-es 1 




pub-es 




|veh-es l 


fid-es l 




rup-es 




vulp-es 3 


lab-es 




sed-es 






i. Compounds. 








amb- ag- 


-e 4 


com- pag- 


-es 


prae- sep-es' 


ind- 51- 


-es 5 


fpro- pag- 


■es 6 


Icon- tag-es 


sob- 61- 


•es 5 









MASCULINES. 

vat-es 8 vepr-es 9 verr-es 

The following occur in the plural number only 
i. Simples. 
lant-es Jgerr-es Man-es 

ii. Compound. m- aur-es 



1 And nom. in is. 

2 Also palumbus ; supposed to be a variety of coluniba. 

3 Older volpes. Nom. vulpis occurs. 

4 In the singular only the ablative is found ; the plural is more 
common. 

5 These two words are from root 61 i grow/ which appears in 
ad-ol-escens ; ind or indo is the old form of in, sob is sub, and indeed 
the form sub-oles is often fouud. 

6 Propago, inis, is more common. 

7 Also praesepis, f., praesepe, n. praesepia, f. and praesepium, n, 

8 Sometimes feminine. 

9 Sometimes feminine ; the Dictionaries give us a nom. vepris also. 



66 



THIRD OR I DECLENSION. 



FEMININES. 



Nominative ends in is. Stem ends in i. 



I. 



Simples. 



ap-is 

av-is 

aur-is 
*bas-is 

bil-is 
J bur-is 
*cannab-is 
* cinnabar— is 

class-is 

clav-is 

clun-is 1 

corb-is 

cut— is 

feb-r-is 



gru-is 2 


riid-is 


mephit— is 


scob-is 3 


mess-is 


sec-iir-is 4 


n av-is 


se-ment-is 5 


Jnep-t-is 


sit— is 


• -f-ningu-is 


J triad— is 


6v-is 


turr-is 


pell-is 


tuss-is 


pelv-is 


vall-is 6 


pest-is 


vest-is 


pupp-is 


vic-is 7 


rat-is 


v-is 


J r av-is 


vit-is 


rest-is 





ii. Compounds. 

in- aur-es 

tpro- nep-t-is 

JquadrT- rem-is 

quinque- rem-is 



Jundecim- rem-is 

tri- rem-is 

con- vall-is 



The following occur more commonly in the plural, though 
singular forms of them may be met with now and then. 



for-es 




lact-es 


nat-es 


grat-es 




nar-es 


6p-es 




We 


leave the word dmussis 


tor consideration. 



1 Sometimes masculine. 

3 And nom. scobs, stem scob. 



2 Also nom. grus. 
4 Probably from root sec ' cut.' 
5 From root ser l sow,' as se-men, &c. 6 And nom. voiles. 

7 The genitive ; the nom. sing, is not found. 



THIRD OR I DECLENSION. 



67 





MASCULINES. 




Nominative ends in is. Stem ends in I. 


i. Simples. 






amn-is 


ens-is 


pen-is, 


angu-is 


fasc-is 


pisc-is 


Jant-es 


fin-is 2 


post-is 


ass-is 1 


foil-is 


scrob-is 6 


call-is 


fun-is 


sent-is 


can-is 2 


fust-is 


test-is 


cass-is 


Iglan-is 


*tigr-is 7 


caul-is 3 


host-is 5 


Jtorr-is 


civ-is 2 


ign-is 


torqu-is 2 


coll-is 


mens-is 


vect-is 


crm-is 


orb-is 


verm-is 


cucum-is 4 


pan-is 


ungu-is 


ii. Compounds. 






per- du-ell-is 


{cent- uss-is 8 


|oct- uss-is 


sem- iss-is 


Tdec- uss-is 




Quiris or curis is an old Sabine word for 


e a spear,' (See Ovid, 


Fast. 2, 477,) and is 


also found as the sing. 


of Quirites. 


The words tr-ess 


-is, vig-ess~is, to express ; three ass-es/ 


1 twenty ass-es/ are 


of rare occurrence. 




Nominative ends in lis. Stem ends in li. 


i. Simples. 


alis, ali 




aequ-alis 2 


fet-i-alis 9 


sod-alis 10 


can-alis 2 






ii. Compound. 


con- tiibern-alis 





elis, eli 

pa-tru-elis m. and f. 

ilis, ili 

mug-ilis 11 m. strig-ilis f. 



I And fein. also written axis. 2 And feminine. 

3 In older authors written colis ; from this, probably, we have our 
cole ' cole-wort,' &c. 

4 The genitive cucumeris is also found. Cummer is in French 
concombre, just as numer-us is nombre. 

5 The old form was fostis according to Festus ; and fostia for hostia. 

6 And nom. scroh-s, stem scrob. 

7 And feminine; the stem tigrid is also found, as gen. tigrid-is. 

8 This and the following words are compounded from the stem ass 
(nom. as), a word used by the Romans to denote weight, or money value. 

9 Sometimes written fecialis. 

10 Probably from the root sed, ' one who sits at table, &c. with you.' 

II And nom. mugil. 



68 THIRD OR I DECLENSION. 

NEUTERS. 

Nominative ends in e. Stem ends in i. 

i. Simples. 

Il-ia mill— e ret-e 2 

man-e 1 moen-ia Jsirp-e 

mar-e 

ii. Compounds. 

con- clav-e prae- sep-e 3 in- sign-e 4 

There are two compounds of doubtful etymology, in-sil-ia (n. 
pi.) supposed to be from the root sal, from which we have sal-ire 
to ' leap ; ' it is used in the sense of a ' treadle in a weaver's loom.' 

In-cll-e l a trench for conveying water/ is perhaps from the 
root caed ' cut/ d being changed to I, as in sella l a seat.' 

The word viridia i greens ' is the neut. pi. of an adjective. 



Nominative ends in le. Stem ends in li. 

ale, all 
There is not much to be said upon the meaning of the termina- 
tions under this division ; alis and His, ale and He are properly 
adjective endings and denote resemblance ; some have referred 
them to our word like or ly, Anglo-Saxon lie, German lich, 
in such words as God-like, good-ly, cwen-lic i queen-like/ 
lieb-lich 'love-ly/ &c. 

Aris and are do not appear to differ in meaning from alis and ale. 

dent-ale Jmag-alia ram-ale 

foe-ale map-alia t sec-ale 5 

front-ale nav-ale 4 spond— alia 

fun-ale penetr-ale Jventr-ale 

gen-u-alia 



1 This form alone occurs ; it is used as an ace and as an ablative, 
more frequently the latter. 2 The form retis, m. and f., is rare. 
3 Also praesepes, v. p. 65. 4 More commonly used in the plural. 

5 A sort of corn ' rye,' perhaps the origin of the French seigle. 



THIRD OR I DECLENSION. 69 

NEUTERS. 

Nominative ends in le. Stem ends in li. 

The following names of feasts occur only in the plural. 

Bacch-an-alia Forn-ae-alia Portumn-alia 

Consu-alia Matr-alia Robig-alia 

Fer-alia Pag-an-alia Saturn-alia 1 

Flor-alia Par-ent-alia Vm-alia 1 

ele, cli 
Man-tele or mantile, which also appears as man-telium or 
mantelum, is said by Varro to be a form of manu-terium. 

lie, ili 
lit-ens-ilia, neut. pi. ; the root is ut i use ;' the syllable ens 
appears to be a participial or gerund ending ; li or ili is originally 
an adjective termination. 

lie, ili 
Many of these words denote places to keep anything in. 

anc-ile equ-ile mon-ile 

bov-ile 2 foen-ile ov-ile 

capr-ile hast-ile sed-ile 

cub-ile baed-ile 

Pal-Ilia ' feasts in honour of Pales ;' the termination alia, n. 
is more common with this meaning. 

Cato has mol-ile ' an instrument for turning a mill,' and 
Columella su-ile i a pig-stye. 

Soli-taur-ilia (n. pi.) is a sort of atoning sacrifice, supposed by 
some to be derived from solus (stem solo) ' entire/ and taurus 
(stem tauro) ' a bull/ By others it is thought to be a corruption 
of the fuller form su-ove-taur-ilia or su-ovi-taur-ilia, and to 
mean * a boar-ram-bull-offering,' that is, a sacrifice where each 
of those animals was offered. The latter is the more probable. 



Nominative ends in re. Stem ends in ri. 



alt-are alv-e-are 3 coil-are 

stre, stri 
apl-u-stre seg-e-stre 

1 Also of the Second Declension. 2 Also written bub-ile by Cato. 
3 Also nom. alvearium, stem alveario. 



THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION, 



In this division of the third declension, containing substantives 
which increase in the genitive, very many words will be found 
which have no termination, in which the root and stem are the 
same, the root being used as a stem. We have therefore, 
arranged the words according to the final letter of the stem, or, 
in other words, according to the letter immediately preceding is 
of the genitive ; and for the convenience of those to whom such 
a plan would be strange, we have headed the pages with the 
genitive case instead of the nominative, at the same time 
printing the words in the lists in the nominative, and giving 
before each list the last letter or letters of the nominative, 
the "genitive, and also of the stem. 





FEMININES. 




Genitive ends in bis. Stem ends in b. 




b-s, b-is, b 


plebs 


scrobs 1 urbs 


scobs 


trabs 




Genitive ends in cis. Stem ends in c. 




x i. e. c-s, c-is, c 


calx 2 


fax 3 mere 


calx 


{floc-es nex 3 


crux 3 


frac-es nux 3 


faex 


lanx pax 4 


falx 


lux 4 prex 3 


fauc-es 


*lynx vox 4 



1 The nominative scrobis is also found. 

2 ( The heel j' sometimes masculine. 

3 The vowel preceding c in the oblique cases is short. 

4 The vowel preceding c in the oblique cases is long. 



THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. *J1 

MASCULINES AND FEMININES. 

Genitive ends in cis. Stem ends in c. 

The following words, in all of which verbal roots are seen, are 
both masculine and feminine ; the vowel in the oblique cases is in 
every instance short. The roots are respectively die, due, fdc, 
jdc, lac, sec, and spic ; and it is worthy of observation that as 
far as the following words are concerned a always becomes i, but 
other vowels remain unaltered, except in the nominative case. 

i. Simple. dux 

ii. Compounds. 

in- clex 6pT- fex e- ITc-es 

ju- dex ponti- fex tfoeni- sex 

re- dux ob- jex 2 J re- sex 

tra- dux il- lex exti- spex 

carm- fex pel- lex 3 ham- spex 4 
for- fex 1 

The compounds of the root unc (seen in unc-id) are always 
masculines. 

de-unx sept-unx 

quinc-unx sesc— mix 5 

Supellex shows the stem supellecttl in the oblique cases j we 
know not what to do with the word. 

We cannot decide about vindex, or say whether it is vind-ex 
or vin-dex. 

ax i. e. ac-s, de-is, dc 
forn-ax f. lim-ax m. f. 

Cato has a word fort-ax, which is explained to mean i the 
lower part of a furnace.' 

ex i. e. ec-s, ec-is, ec 
verv-ex (m.) 

The stem alec, which is sometimes written halec has generally 
the nom. alec, but sometimes the nom. alex ; the former is neuter, 
the latter feminine or rarely masculine. 

1 See note on forceps. 

2 This is the older form of the nominative ; more frequently written 
obex. 

3 Some grammarians derive it from the Greek word 7ra.Wax.r1 {pcdlake), 
and not from lac ' draw.' 

4 This word is not used in the feminine, for there is haruspica, ae. 

5 Or sesqunx. 



72 THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 

MASCULINES. 

Genitive ends in cis. Stem ends in c. 
ex i. e. ec-s,. ic-is, ic 



cim-ex 


Jirp-ex 


pum-ex 


cod-ex 1 


lat-ex 


ram-ex 


cort-ex 


irmr-ex 


rum-ex 


ciil-ex 


pod-ex 


sil-ex 2 


frii-t-ex 


poll-ex 


sor-ex 


Jib-ex 


pul-ex 


vert-ex 3 


imbr-ex 







Columella has dent-ex, a kind of fish. 

There is a plural pant-ices ' paunch,' used by Plautus and 
Martial. 

Sen-ex makes its oblique cases from the root sen, as sen-is, 
sen-i, sen-em, fyc. 



cal-ix forn-ix 



ix 1. e. ic-s, ic-is, ic 



var-ix- 



FEMININES. 

ex i. e. ec-s, ic-is, ic 
car-ex il-ex 



ix l. e. ic-s, ic-is, ic 



cox-end-ix *lar-ix stru-ix 5 

fil-ix sal-ix *tom-ix 6 

fiil-ix 4 

I. Simples. ix i. e. ic-s, ic-is, ic 

cerv-ix Jjiin-ix nutr-ix 

corn— ix 16d-ix rad-ix 

cot-um-ix matr-ix *sand-ix 7 

ii. Compound. vivT- rad-ix 

The Greek stems bomb-yc and cal-yc have the nominatives 
bomb-yx, cal-yx. 

Spad-ix, stem spad-ic, is masculine. The stem vibic makes the 
nominative vib-ex. 

1 An older form is caudex. 2 Also feminine. 

3 Often written vortex. 4 Also fulica. 

5 The more common word is strues, stem strui. 

6 Also written thomix. 7 Frequently written sandy x, yvis. 



THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 



73 



FEMININES. 

Genitive ends in cis. Stem ends in 0. 

trix i. e. tries, trie-is, trie 
This termination denotes a female agent. In very many in- 
stances it looks like an adjective. 

I. Simples. 
bell-a-trix 
can-trix 
cic-a-trix 

tcist-ella-trix 

cre-a-trix 

cul-trix 

dic-ta-trix 

dom-m-a-trix 

dom-i-trix 
tdur-a-trix 
Jes-trix 

fau-trix 
Jfic-trix 

gen-e-trix 

giib-ern-a-trix 
Jheb-et-a-trix 

jac-ul-a-trix 

II. Compounds. 

Jind- ag-a-trix inter- 
Jsub- ag-Tta-trix Jcon- 
Jre- bell-a-trix Job- 
tprae- cep-trix % de- 
re- cep-trix Jcol- 
Jdis- cep-ta-trix Je- 
con- cil-ia-trix com- 
Jcon- cit-a-trix e- 
Ipro- cre-a-trix im- 
Jnemori- cul-trix Icom- 
Jsilvi- cul-trix :J; ex- 
it pro- ciir-a-trix 1 com- 
e- diic-a-trix |sup- 
Xex- erc-Tta-trix |ex- 
ef- fec-trix Jex- 



jan-i-trix 

im-ita-trix 

laud-a-trix 

mer-e-trix 

mm-istr-a-trix 

mod-er-a-trix 

Jmol-i-trix 

Jna-trix 

Jnov-a-trix 
6r-a-trix 
orn-a-trix 

Jpi-a-trix 

fpil-a-trix 

Ipisc-a-trix 
pis-trix 

Jpop-iil-a-trix 

Jpo-trix 



rec-trix 
{regn-a-trix 
sal-ta-trix 
sal-ut-a— trix 
fsarc-Tn-a-trix 
jserv-a-trix 
spec-ta-trix 
spec-iila-trix 
spol-ia-trix 
Jstim-iil-a-trix 
Jsud-a-trix 
tex-trix 
tons-trix 
ven-a-trix 
vic-trix 
ul-trix 



fec-trix 

jec-trix 

latr-a-trix 

le-trix 

lec-trix 

16c-u-trix 

mend-a-trix 

mend-a-trix 

per-a-trix 

pet-i-trix 

plic-a-trix 

po-trix 

pos-trix 

probr-a-trix 

pul-trix 



1 Pro is sometimes long, sometimes short. 



H 



74 THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 

Genitive ends in cis. Stem ends in c. 



cor- rup-trix 
con- sec-ta-trix 
con- serv-a-trix 
tcircum- spec-ta-trix 
ob- ste-trix 
Jin- stlg-a-trix 
tprae- stig-ia-trix 




con- 
con- 
con- 
per- 

Jex- 
in- 


■ suas-trix 
• sul-trix 

■ templ-a-trix 

■ tem-p-trix 

■ turb-a-trix 

■ ulc-er-a-trix 

■ voc-a-trix 




ox 


i. e. oc-s, oc-is, oc 
cel-ox 


Genitive ends in dis. 


Stem ends in d. 


i. Simples. 
fraus f. 
frons f. 
glans f. 


s, d-is, 
laus f. 
pes 1 m. 


d 


praes m. f. 
Yas 1 m. f. 


ii. Compounds. 

in- cus 2 f. semi- pes 1 m. 
subs- cus 2 f. sesqui- pes 1 m. 

ju- glans f. ob- ses 1 * nd 3 m. £ 
libri- pens m. prae- ses 1 and 3 m. f. 
com- pes 1 f. 

Cor, cordis, n. the stem and root is cord. 






as, dd-is, 
* lamp-as 


ad 

» f. 




i. Simples. 

her-es m. f. 


es, ed-is, 


ed 
merc- 


-es f. 


ii. Compounds. 
co- her-es 


m. f. 




ex- 


her-es m. f. 


i. Simples. 
bat-is 5 m. f. 
cass-is f. 


is, id-is, 
*cenchr-is f. 
cusp-is f. 


id 


ib— is 5 f. 



1 The vowel of the root, i. e. the vowel immediately preceding d of 
the oblique cases, is short. 2 The u is long. 

3 Is not directly a compound of prae and the root sed seen in sed-ere > 
but comes from praesid~ere. So also obses from obsid-ere. 

4 Also lampada, ae. 5 Also of the I Declension. 



THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. *J5 

Genitive ends in dis. Stem ends in d. 

11. a. Compounds. pro- muls-is f. 

0. Greek Compounds. 

en- drom-is f. tri- et-er-is f. 

os, od-is, od 
i. Simple. cust-os m. 

ii. Compound. sub- cust-os m. 

us, iid-is, ud its, ud-is, ud ys, yd-is, yd 

pec-us f. pal-us f. *chlam-ys f. 



Genitive ends in gis. Stem ends in g. 

I. Simples. x i.e. g-s, g-is, g. 

frux 1 and 2 f. lex 2 f. strix 3 f. 

grex 3 m. rex 2 m. 

ii. Compounds. 

con- jux 3 and 4 m. f. inter- rex 8 m. 

il- lex 2 m. 

JRemez m. is from the stem rem-ig ; ig is a form of ag l drive.' 
Se-jicg-es or se-jug-i, m. pi., is applied to e six horses yoked in 
a chariot/ or ' a chariot drawn by six horses/ 



Genitive ends in lis. Stem ends in l. 

i. Simples. l } lis, I 

sal 3 m. n. sol 2 m. 

ii. Compounds. 

ni- hil 5 n. ex- sul m. f. 

con- sul 6 m. prae- sul m. 

pro-con- sul 6 m. 

Z, U-iSj 11 
fel. n. mel n. 



1 The nom. sing, is very rare. 2 The vowel of the root is long. 

3 The vowel of the root is short. 4 Also conjunx. 

5 Also stem ni-hilo, nom. ni-hilum, literally e not-a-hair ;' Mlum. 

6 Connected with sed of sed-ere. 



76 THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 

NEUTERS. 

Genitive ends in lis. Stem ends in l. 
al, al-is, al 
Compare ali, p. 68. The termination al is a contraction of ali ; 
and ali is properly the neuter of alis, an adjective termination. 
The complete form in ale is seen in some words. In the words 
Bacchanal ( a place where the feasts of Bacchus were solemnized/ 
and bidental ' a place blasted with lightning/ al signifies a place ; 
all the other words, it will be observed, denote tangible things of 
every-day use, as cervical ' a pillow/ toral l a carpet.' 

i. Simples. 

an-Tm-al cub-it-al {quadr-ant-al 

Baech-an-al J Mmerv-al 1 tor-al 2 

cap-it-al Jmm-ut-al trib-un-aP 

cerv-ic-al piit-e-al vec-tig-al 

ii. Compound. bi- dent-al 

il, il-is, il 
mug-il 3 m. pug-il m. 



Genitive ends in mis. Stem ends in m. 

m-s, m-is, m 

Hiems, often written hiemps, hiemis, f. is the only word. 



Genitive ends in nis. Stem ends in n. 

i. Simples. n, n-is, n 

lien 3 m. ren-es 4 m. 

Cctr-o, carn-is, f. has the stem cam. 

ii. Compounds. 

The following words are compounds of the verb can c sing or 
play.' It is observable that a modification of a verbal root, 
without any addition, is used as a stem: see the compounds of fer 
and^er, p. 41. 

Of the tendency of a to become i the following list gives us 
examples j so again the compounds in c, p. 71. 

corni— cen m. liti- cen m. tibi- cen m. 

fidi- cen m. os- cen m. tiibi- cen m. 

1 * A teacher's fee.' 2 The nom. in ale occurs. 

3 Also of the I Declension ; mug-ilis, is, lienis, is. 

4 No singular form occurs. 



THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 



77 



Genitive ends in nis. Stem ends in n. 



\j • \j 



en, m-is, in 
lim-en n. 
pec-t-en m. 



poll-en 3 n. 



ungu-en n. 



\j • L/ 



flam-en 1 m. 
glut-en 2 n. 
ingu-en n. 

ts, in-is, in 

sangu-is f. 
Delphin, Inis, m. has I; delphinus } i, is also found, It is a 
Greek word. 



NEUTERS. 

men, min-is, rriin 

Compare mentum, p. 61. It sometimes denotes an instrument, 

as lu-men (from luc-ere) 'that which lights/ teg -men 'that 

which covers ; ' sometimes what results from an action, as 

f rag-men ' that which is obtained by breaking ;' so olsofarcimen 

1 a sausage.' 

I. Simples, 

ac-u-men 

ag-men 
Jaug-men 
Jcael-a-men 
Jcan-ta-men 

car— men 

cer-ta-men 
Jclm-a-men 

col-ii-men 

con-a-men 

cri-men 

cul-men 

cur-va-men 
Jdoc-u-men 4 

diir-a-men 



farc-I-men 
Jfirm-a-men 

fl-a-men 5 

flu-men 

for-a-men 

frag-men 

fulc-i-men 

ful-men 

fund-a-men 

ger-men 

ges-ta-men 
X glom-er-a-men 

gra— men 

hor-ta-men 

lm-T-ta-men 



Jjuv-a-men 
Jlaet-a— men 

lev-a-men 

lig-a-men 6 
Jlibr-a-men 
jliqu-a-men 

luc-ta-men 

lu-men 

med-ic-a-men 

mod-er-a-men 

mol-i-men 
Jm5-men 

mun-i— men 

no-men 7 

nu-men 



1 ' A priest;' to be distinguished from fla-men * a breeze/ 

2 Also glutinum, i. 3 And poll-is, inis, f. m. A Sometimes docimen. 

5 ' A puff of wind j' flamen, m. ( a flamen' is under en. 

6 Sometimes ligamentum is read. 

? It has been already indicated by the manner in which we have 
divided ignominia, ignorantia, Sec, that we consider the root to be gno 
not no ; this is plainly seen by comparing the root gno seen in yt-yyw-c-* w, 
«-yvo-£-w (gi-gno-sc-o, a-gno-e-o), and our word know, for g in Latin and 
Greek appears as h in English according to the canon established by 
Grimm, 



78 



THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 



NEUTERS. 

Genitive ends in nis. Stem ends in n. 



o-men 1 
tplac-a-men 

purg-a-men 

put-a-men 

reg-T-men 

sag— men 

se-men 
tsim-ula— men 

sol-a-men 



spec-i-men 
fspir-a-men 
sta-meu 
stat-u-men 
stra-men 
Jspec-ta-men 
-fsta-b ill-men 
su-men 
te°:-men 2 



ten-ta-men 
tor-mina 
tu-ta-men 
vel-a-men 

Jver-mina 
vec-sa-men 3 
vig-men 

{voc-a-men 
vol-u-men 4 



Ldteramen ' an earthen vessel/ which occurs in one passage of 
Lucretius (6, 232) seems to give us a termination amen. 



ii. Compounds. 

ex- a-men 5 Job- 

dis- cri-men Je- 

}suf- fi-men prae- 

Jsuf- fla-men Jre- 

co- gno-men 6 ir- 



lec-ta-men 
liqu-a— men 
no-men 6 
nov-a-men 
ri-ta-men 



Iprae- seg-men 
X re- seg-men 
%yq- spir-a-men 
sub- te— men 7 
re- voc-a-men 



Abdomen is generally derived from abdo e I hide ;' but if this 
work is of any use at all, it will show that substantives derived 
from verbs are not formed from the first persons of those verbs. 
The root of abdere ' to hide ' is da ; and as that root sometimes 
assumes the form do, e.g. in do-num, do-nare, it may in 
ab-do-men. But at all events it is wrong to derive the word 
immediately from the first person of the present tense. 



alb-umen 
Jbit-umen 



umen, umm-is, umin 

cac-umen leg-umen 

feiT-umen 



1 Varro gives an older form os-men ; cf. os-cen ' a singing bird.' 

2 Older forms are tegumen and tegimen. 

3 Generally written vexamen. 

4 From volv ofvolv-ere volu-tum c to roll ;' u and v are the same letter. 

5 For ex-ag-men. Hence it signifies ' a swarm of bees,' and also 
' the tongue of a balance ' which is driven out of place when the balance 
inclines. 

6 These words have the same root gno } both are compounds of nomen. 

7 Sometimes written sub-tegmen. 



THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 79 

Genitive ends in nis. Stem ends in n. 

o, in-is, in 
i. Simples. 

card-o m. marg-o f. turb-o m. 

grand-o f. ord-o m. vir-g-o f. 

hom-o m. f. 

ii. Compounds. 

semi- hom-o m. pro- pag-o f. 

com- pag-o f. a- sperg-o f. 

To these may he added the adjective pronoun nemo, com- 
pounded of ne and homo. 



FEMININES. 

do, din-is, din 
arun-do hirii-do hirun-do 

edo, edin-is, edin 
This termination seems to have gone out of fashion in later 
times, for in many cases we find in the older authors words 
ending in edo, whilst in the later writers they end in itas, as 
gravedo, gravitas ; this rule has its exception in dulcedo, dulcitas, 
the latter is used by Accius. The state or condition expressed 
by the root is the meaning conveyed by this termination • it 
corresponds with the Anglo-Saxon nes or nys, which we have 
as ness. 

i. Simples. 

*alc-edo 1 dulc-edo - *ter-edo 

cap-edo ffrig-edo torp-edo 

ciip-edo 2 grav-edo iir-edo 

ii. Compound. inter- cap-edo 

Absumedo is a word used by Plautus in the sense of * waste/ 
from absum-ere, with a play upon the syllable sum, " quanta 
sumini absumedo !" Capt. 4, 3, 3. 

1 Sometimes halcedo, inis, and alcyone, es. 

2 Sometimes written cuppedo. 



80 THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 

FEMININES. 

Genitive ends in nis. Stem ends in N. 
idoy ldin-is f idin 

It is observable that with the exception of crepido, which, if 
the etymology given in the note be correct, need present no 
difficulty, the words in this list denote a mental state, whereas 
most of those under edo denote a physical condition. 

crep-ido 1 form-ido liib-ido 2 

cup-ido 

udoy ildin-is, udin 
i. Simple. test-udo 

from test-a ' a shell/ 

ii. Compound. in- qui-et-udo 

tudo, tudin-isj tudin 

In the same way as edo seems to have been preferred by the 
older writers, and itas by the later, *so tudo gave place to tas 
and itia or ities. The termination tudo is generally affixed to ad- 
jectives, but, as in the case of tabitudo, sometimes to other parts 
of speech. It denotes quality ; in English we have tude its 
derivative, and ness the Anglo-Saxon affix with the same force. 
We consider the i to be merely a connecting vowel. 

i. Simples. 

aegr-i-tudo fort-T-tudo nec-ess-T-tudo 

talb-i-tudo grav-i-tudo tnigr-i-tudo 

alt-i-tudo hab-i-tudo pingu-i-tudo 

am-ar-i-tudo lat-i-tudo plen-i-tudo 

ampl-i-tudo lass-T-tudo pulcr-i-tudo 

tar-i-tudo len-i-tudo Jsals-i-tudo 

beat-i-tudo lent-i-tudo sim-Tl-i-tudo 

Jcel-er-i-tudo lipp-i-tudo sol-T-tudo 

clar-i-tudo long-i-tudo Jtab-T-tudo 

crass-i— tudo moest-i-tudo turp-i-tudo 

Jdulc-i-tudo moll-i-tudo val-e-tudo 

firm-i-tudo mult-i-tudo vic-iss-i-tudo 



1 Probably from the Greek stem x$ywi$ (crepid), nom. xpwrtg (crepis), 
the vowel being shortened. 2 Also written libido. 



THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 81 

FEMININES. 
Genitive ends in arcs. Stem ends in N. 

ii. Compounds. 

Jcon- cinn-i-tudo ab- sue-tudo cle- sue-tudo 

sol- lic-i-tudo 1 as- sue-tudo man- sue-tudo 2 

dis- sim-il-i-tudo con- sue-tudo in- val-e-tudo 

veri- sim-il-i-tudo 

The following occur only in older authors. 
i. Simples. 

anx-i-tudo mis-er-i-tudo squal-i— tudo 

cast-i-tudo orb-i-tudo suav-i-tudo 

gem-Tn-i-tudo part-i-tudo tard-i-tudo 

frac-Tl-i-tudo poen-i-tudo temer-T-tudo 

ll-ar-i-tudo sanct-i-tudo tetr-T-tudo 

hon-est-i-tudo saev-i-tudo van-i-tudo 

laet-i-tudo sev-er-i-tudo vast-i-tudo 

macr-i-tudo sord-T-tudo 

ii. Compound. in- ept-i-tudo 

As to the division of perperitudo, prolixitudo, there might be 
some doubt. 

ago, agin-is, agin 

This termination seems to be joined on to substantives in the 
majority of cases ; it is not clear what is its force. It has been 
suggested that ago, tgo, and ugo are virtually the same termina- 
tion ; if this be the case, perhaps the observation just made will 
not hold good. 

cart-il-ago im-ago 3 sart-ago 

Jcor-i-ago Jmilv-ago vir-ago 

farr-ago J plumb-ago vor-ago 

Suffrago is 'the joint of an animal's hinder leg, the pastern 
joint/ 

Lappago, plantago, and tussilago are names of herbs. 

Indago i hunters' toils, nets, &c.' is a word of doubtful 
etymology. 

* Sometimes written solicitudo. 

2 This syllable man is supposed by some to be from the old adjective 
manis l gentle.' Nonius says that it is from the stem manu, (nom. 
manus,) and maybe compared with the Greek %upo-n9~ns (cheiro-eth-es), 
said of animals that will ' feed out of the hand.' 

3 It has been suggested that im-ago, im-ita-ri, and sim-ilis, and 
probably sim-ius ' an ape ' too, contain the same root. 



OZ THIRD 


OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 






FEMININES. 






Genitive ends in nts. Stem ends in n. 






IgOj igin-is, igin 




i. Simples. 








cal-igo 




6r-igo 


scatur-igo 


ful-igo 




porr-igo 


sil-igo 


lent-igo 




priir-igo 


tent-igo 


161-igo 




Ipull-igo 


vert-igo 


mell-igo 




rob-igo 1 


Jul-igo 


jment-igo 








ii. Compounds. 






Jde- pet- 


-igo 


im- pet-igo 


inter- tr-igo 



Ab-6r-igin-es, which means as it has been defined "people 
coeval with the land which they inhabit/' or at least 'people of 
whose migration to their country there is no trace/ has been 
generally explained to be from ab and or-igo (or the root of 
or-iri) ; but in the Political Dictionary it is suggested that 
this may not be the etymology. 

Esiirigo ( hunger ' is quoted by Nonius from Varro ; esuries is 
the word generally used. 

Consiligo <a herb/ remeligin-es 'a fish,' are not often met 
with, and are not easy to explain. 

Various explanations are offered of vitiligo ' a disease.' 



aer-ugo 
Jalb-ugo 
|asp-er-ugo 



ugo, ugm-is, ugm 
ferr-ugo 
lan-ugo 
Jmoll-ugo 


Jsals-ugo 
Vesp-er-ugo 2 


MASCULINES. 
o f on-iSy on 





In these words as in those in in, it will be observed the nomi- 
native is not formed by addition, but the final n of the stem is 
elided. This termination often has an augmenting force, as capito 
i the large headed, 7 naso ' having a large nose/ &c. 

i. Simples. 

aqu-il-o bar-o buf-o 

ag-as-o biib-o Jcachinn-o 

balatr-ones Jbucc-o calc-itr-o 

1 Also written rubigo. 

2 Vesperugo is a name for the evening star, Hesperus. 



THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 



83 



MASCULINES. 
Genitive ends in nis. Stem ends in n. 



cap-o 1 
cap-it-o 
carb-o 
caup-o 


lab-e-o 
latr-o 
len— o 
*le-o 


praec-o 
praed-o 
Jrhen-o 
sab-iil-o 2 


cent-o 
cerd-o 
crabr-o 


llg-0 

Jlint-e-o 
lurc-o 


sap-o 

spad-o 

stol-o 


dol-o 
*drac-o 


fmand-o 
inang-o 


strab-o 
tem-o 


ep-ul-o 


mucr-o 


tir-o 


fequ-is-o 


neb-ul-o 


toll-en-o 


err-o 

front-o 

fult-o 


palp-o 

pav-o 

per-o 


ftric-o 
tvarr-o 
verb-er-o 


gan-e— o 
tgerr— o 
*narp-ag-o 

hel-u-o 


tpetas-o 
pont-o 
pop-m-o 


vesp-ill-o 
umb-o 
|vol-ones 


II. Compounds. 




- 


fcom- bib-o 


con- gerr-o 3 


com- mil-it-o 



Myoparo e a frigate ' is a curious word. 

Subulo 'a flute-player' is used by Ennius. 

The plural Triones appears in the sense of ' ploughing oxen/ 
and is also applied to the constellations of the greater and smaller 
bear ; and these stars are sometimes spoken of as Septentriones„ 
The singular number Septentrio is often used. Perhaps the 
word should be divided tr-iones, and put under the list of 
nouns ending in io. 

Unedo is the fruit of the arbutus, and is said by some to be 
un-ed-o, because ' you can eat only one at a time ;' the fruit 
resembles a strawberry, and, according to this derivation, if you 
eat more than one of them you will be made ill. 



1 And nom. capus (stem capo). 

2 And nom. sabulum, i, (stem sabulo). 

3 Lucilius uses congerra ae, m. 



84 



THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 



MASCULINES. 
Genitive ends in nts. Stem ends in n. 



io, ion-is, ion 



This termination often signifies a male agent. 
i. Simples. 

Jir-io 
Jlud-io 

matell-io 
Jmor-io 

mul-io 
{6pil-io 2 

pap-il-io 

pell-io 
tpern-io 

pug-io 

pum-Tl-io 

ii. Compounds. 

J sub- cent-ur-io 
fquinqu- ert-io 

The diminutive homun-cio ends in cio ; and by comparing two 
or three of the words in this list, a termination in lio might be 
conjectured. 

Lalisio ' the foal of a wild ass ' is a foreign word. 



ard-el-io 
las-io 

cent-ur-io 
Jcucull-io 

curc-iil-io 1 

cur-io 

dec-iir-io 
Je-sur-io 
fflagr-io 

gurg-iil-io 1 

histr-io 



pus-io 
Jrest-io 

sann-io 
tsat-iir-io 

scip-io 
*scorp-io 

sen-io 

stell-io 

tenebr-io 

vesper-til-io 






Jcenti- pell-io 



FEMININES. 

Io is mostly added to verbs, and gives rise to the many par- 
ticipial substantives in sio and tio. It will be observed that in 
the many words borrowed by the English language from these 
lists, the stem or crude form is always seen. 

i. Simples, 
dit-io opin-io Jtal-io 4 

it-io 3 reg-io Jun-io 

leg-io 

1 Gurgulio and curculio have the same meaning, and are in fact the 
same word. 2 Or upilio. 

3 The root of i-re ' to go ' appears sometimes as i, and at other times 
as it, as in it-er, &c. ; we have preferred the latter for it-io and its 
Compounds. 4 ' A rendering of like for like.' 



THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 85 

Genitive ends in nis. Stem ends in n. 

ii. Compounds. 

re- bell-io co- lt-io Je- liiv-io 

usu- cap-io fdomu- it-io 1 Jcircum- liiv-io 

fex- cid-io lex- it-io 2 com- mun-io 

oc- cid-io inter- it— io inter- nee— io 

per- du-ell-io red- it— io ob- sld-io 

ab- it-io sed- it-io 3 t con- sort-io 

tad- it-io trans- it-io {con- sptc-io 

amb- it-io re- leg-io su- spic-io 

circu- it— io ob- liv-io con- tag— io 

circum- it-io al- liiv-io 



pul-mo ser-mo fter-mo 

And mus-imo or mus-mo ' a mongrel.' 

sio, sion-is, sion 

The terminations sion and Hon are to be considered as identical ; 
they have the same force and are only euphonic varieties. They 
signify the act of the verb, and are always joined to verbal roots. 
We have borrowed into English the affixes sion and Hon from the 
Latin, although we have the Anglo-Saxon termination ing with 
the same signification. Thus it happens that our language is 
particularly rich in words signifying action. In many instances 
we have pairs of words, the one of Classic the other of Celtic 
origin, which literally interpreted are synonymous, but in practice 
are distinguished, e.g. session and a sitting. 

It is worthy of observation that sion and Hon are very little 
used by the poets the corresponding words in sus and tus (Fourth 
or U Declension) being preferred. As a general rule it would 
seem that sion and Hon were preferred by the later writers, sus 
and tus by the older ; there are, however, exceptions. 

i. Simples. 
cen-sio ces— sio fis-sio 

1 ' A going home ;' sometimes written dotnutio. 

2 This word means * a going out;' whereas ex-it-ium (stem ex-it-io) 
means ' destruction.' 

3 Sed is the longer form of se as red is of re ; hence sed-it-io is ' a 
going apart,' that is ' a factious revolt.' Some divide it thus se-di-tio, 
from the root da-re ' to put or give,' and say it means ' a putting on 
one side ;' but this is less probable. But on the other hand we divide 
proditio thus, pro-di-tio. 

I 



86 



THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION, 



Genitive ends in nis. &tem ends in n. 



flec-sio s 


man-sio 


scan-sio 


fluc-sio 1 


men— sio 


ses-sio 


fos-sio 


Jmes-sio 


Jspar-sio 


fu-sio 


Jmis-sio 


spon-sio> 


tlae-sio 


pen-sio 


sua-sio 


tlap-sio 


Jri-sio 


Ju-sio 


lu-sio 


|r6-sio 


vi-sio 


11. Compounds. 






oc- ca-sio 


. 


prae- cur-sio 


in- cen-sio 2 




con- cus-sio 


re- cen-sio 2 




dis- cus-sio 


abs- ces-sio 




per- cus-sio 


ac- ces-sio 




}re-per- cus-sio 


ante- ces-sio 




J sue- cus-sio 


con- ces-sio 




de- fen-sio 


de- ces-sio 




of- fen-sio 


dis- ces-sio 




con- fes-sio 


inter- ces-sio 




pro- fes-sio 


se- ces-sio 




Icon- fi-sio 


sue- ces-sio 




in- flec-sio 1 


eon- ci— sio 




tsuf- fos-sio 


de- cl-sio 




con- fu-sio 


ex- cl-sio 




dif- f ii— sio 


in- cl-sio 




ef- fii-sio 


oc- cl-sio 




Iper- fii-sio 


prae- ci-sio 




pro- fu-sio 


con- clii-sio 




suf- fu-sio 


ex- clu— sio 




\ trans- fii-sio 


in- clu-sio 




ag- gres-sio 


inter- clii— sio 




di- gres-sio 3 


con- cur— sio 




%e- gres-sio 


de- cur-sio 




in- gres-sio 


ex- cur-sio 




J prae- gres-sio 


in- cur-sio 




pro- gres-sio 


J per- cur-sio 




trans- gres-sio 



1 For the words whose nominative end in xio, we have resolved the x 
into cs ; the letter c belongs to the root, and s is like what we find in 
the participial forms, missus, &c. 

2 Incensio is ' a burning,' from the root cand of candeo. Hecensio is 
< a review,' from the root which appears in censere, census. 

3 Degressio occurs as a various reading. 



THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION, 



87 



Nominative ends in nis. Stem ends in n. 



pro- 


lap-sio 


ir- 


ri-sio 


e- 


li-sio 


le- 


ro-sio 


col- 


lu-sio 


Ja- 


scen-sio 


il- 


lu-sio 


con- 


scen-sio 


pro- 


lii— sio 


de- 


seen-sio 


Jre- 


man-sio 


ex- 


scen-sio 


:di- 


men-sio 1 


Jin- 


scen-sio 


a- 


mis-sio 


tpro- 


scis-sio 


com- 


mis-sio 


as- 


sen-sio 


de- 


mis-sio 


eon- 


sen-sio 


dl- 


mis-sio 


dis- 


sen-sio 


e- 


mis-sio 


prae- 


sen-sio 


im- 


mis-sio 


as- 


ses-sio 


inter- 


mis-sio 


Jcireum- 


ses-sio 


manu- 


mis-sio 


ob- 


ses-sio 


per- 


mis-sio 


pos- 


ses-sio 


praeter- 


mis-sio 


a- 


sper-sio 


pro- 


mis-sio 


re- 


sper-sio 


jre-pro- 


mis-sio 


re- 


spon-sio 


re- 


mis-sio 


dis- 


sua-sio 


sub- 


mis-sio 


per- 


sua-sio 


trans- 


mis-sio 


in- 


ten— sio 


con- 


nee— sio 2 


eon- 


tu-sio 


tpro- 


pen-sio 


a- 


ver— sio 


per- 


pes-sio 


anim-ad- 


ver— si© 


€om- 


plec-sio 2 


eon- 


ver-sio 


sup- 


plo-sio 


€- 


ver-sio 


# com- 


prehen-sio 3 


in- 


ver-sio 


de- 


prehen-sio 3 


r£- 


ver-sio 


com- 


pres-sio 


di- 


vi-sio 


im- 


pres-sio 


pro- 


vi-sio 


op- 


pres-sio 


a- 


vul-sio 


sup- 


pres-sio 


€- 


vul-sio 


de- 


pul-sio 


Jre- 


vul-sio 


im- 


pul-sio 


Jab- 


ii-sio 



4t 



1 In a doubtful passage demensio is read. 

2 For the words whose nominative end in xio, we have resolved the x 
into cs; the letter c belongs to the root, and $ is like what we find in 
the participial forms, missus, &c. 

3 The orthography of prehendo is disputed, and its etymology is 
uncertain ; very possibly the syllable hen is the root. It is often con- 
tracted to prensio. 



88 



THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION, 



Nominative ends in nis. Stem ends in n. 





tio, tion-is, tion. 








See under sion. 






i. Simples. 








ac-tio 


lec-tio 


ra-tio 




aper— tio 


lo-tio 


rec-tio 




auc-tio 


16c-u-tio 


sa-tio 




cap— tio 


men-tio 


sanc-tio 




cau-tio 


tmin-u-tio 


scrip-tic 


> 


coc— tio 


mo-tio 


sec-tio 




cre-tio 


na-tio 


sol-xi— tic 


> 


da-tio 


no-tio 


spec-tio 




dic-tio 


op-tio 


sta-tio 


» 


duc-tio 


pac-tio 


tac-tio 




em-p-tio 


par— tio 


tinc-tio 




fac-tio 


pas-tio 


Jtrib-u— tio 


fic-tio 


pd-tio 


Jvec-tio 




func-tio 


por-tio 


Jven-tio 




ges-tio 


Jpunc-tio 


ul-tio 




junc-tio 


quaes-tio 


unc— tio 




la-tio 


Jrap-tio 


Jus-tio 




For demptio and 


sumptio, with their ( 


tompounds, 


see under 


Compounds ; we take it for granted that the root in 


these words 


is em } and that hence we have the verbs 


de-em-ere ' to take 


away,' and sub-em- 


ere, or by contraction 


summere 


or sumere, 


i to take up.' 






■ 


ii. Compounds. 








tad- ac-tio 


ex- cep-tio 


ad- 


di-tio 


Jco- ac-tio 


in- cep-tio 


con- 


di-tio 


ex- ac-tio 


inter- cep-tio 


de- 


di-tio 


Jper- ac-tio 


per- cep-tio 


e- 


di-tio 


sub- ac-tio 


re- cep-tio 


per- 


di-tio 


Jex- ac-ii— tio 


sus- cep-tio 


dis-per- 


di-tio 


co- auc-tio 


{con- coc-tio 


pro- 


di— tio 


con- cen-tio 


ac- cre-tio 


red- 


di-tio 


Iprae- cen-tio 


con- cre-tio 


tra- 


di— tio 


ac- cep— tio 


se- cre-tio 


ven- 


di-tio 1 


con- cep-tio 


agri- cul-tio 


ad- 


dic-tio 



1 We have adopted Professor Key's explanation. See Latin 
Grammar, ^ 542. 



THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 



89 



Genitive ends in nis. Stem ends in n. 



bene- 

contra- 

e- 

in- 

inter- 

male- 

prae- 

ab- 

aquae- 

circum- 

con- 

de- 

tdi- 

ih- 

intro- 

ob- 

pro- 

re- 

se- 

sub- 

tra- 

ad- 

co- 

d- 

ex- 

inter- 

red- 

su- 

as-su- 

con-su- 

prae-su- 

ad- 

ex-cal- 

Ipate- 

satis- 

af- 

con- 



dic-tio 

dic-tio 

dic-tio 

dic-tio 

dic-tio 

dic-tio 

dic-tio 

duc-tio 

duc-tio 

duc-tio 

duc-tio 

duc-tio 

duc-tio 

duc-tio 

duc-tio 

duc-tio 

duc-tio 

duc-tio 

duc-tio 

duc-tio 

duc-tio 

em-p-tio 

em-p-tio 

em-p-tio 

em-p-tio 

em-p-tio 

em-p-tio 

m-p-tio 

m-p-tio 

m-p-tio 

m-p-tio 

ep-tio 

fac-tio 

fac-tio 

fac-tio 

fec-tio 

fec-tio 



de- 

ef- 

inter- 

per- 

pro- 

re- 
Jcon- 

af- 
con- 

in- 
per- 
per- 
con- 

di- 

}e- 
a- 

co- 

ab- 

ad- 
con- 

de- 

e- 

pro- 

re- 
sub- 
tra- 

ad- 
con- 

dis- 
Jse- 

ab- 
col- 

de- 

di- 

e- 

pro- 

re- 



fec-tio 

fec-tio 

fec-tio 

fec-tio 

fec-tio 

fec-tio - 

fic-tio 

flic-tio 

flic-tio 

frac-tio 

fric-tio 

func— tio 

ges-tio 

ges-tio 

ges-tio 

gni-tio 

gni-tio 

jec-tio 

jec-tio 

jec-tio 

jec-tio 

jec-tio 

jec-tio 

jec-tio 

jec-tio 

jec-tio 

junc-tio 

junc-tio 

junc-tio 1 

junc-tio 

la— tio 

la-tio 

la-tio 

la— tio 

la— tio 

la-tio 

la-tio 



sub- 

Jsuper- 

trans- 

fde- 

col- 

e- 

neg- 

se- 

Jcircum- 

Jde-re- 

al- 

circum- 

col- 

e- 

inter- 

dl- 

im- 

ad- 

per- 

ta- 

ad- 

com- 

per- 

re- 

Jprae- 

ad- 

com- 

Jim- 

tde- 

jex- 

pro- 

Jinter- 

con- 

cor- 

dl- 



la-tio 

la-tio 

la-tio 

le-tio 

lec-tio 

lec-tio 

lec-tio 

lec-tio 

lT-tio 

lic-tio 

lic-tio 

loc-u— tio 2 

16c-u-tio 

loc-u-tio 

16c-u-tio 

16c-u-tio 

mm-u— tio 3 

mm-u-tio 

mis-tio 4 

mis-tio 

mo-tio 

mo-tio 

mo-tio 

mo-tio 

mo-tio 

no-tio 

nup-tio 

op— tio 

pac-tio 

pac-tio 

pas-tio 

pie— tio 

por-tio 

punc-tio 

ques-tio 

rec— tio 

rec-tio 



1 Sometimes read dijunctio. 

2 This and the following three words are often written with c ; c 
and qu are pronounced alike, and many words are written both ways, as 
cum, quum, &c» 3 Also deminutio. 4 Also written admixtio. 



90 



THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 



Genitive ends in nis. Stem ends in n. 



e- rec-tio 
tpor- rec-tio 
con-sur- rec-tio 
cor- rep-tio 
e- rep-tio 
ab- rup-tio 
cor- rup-tio 
dl- rup-tio 
e- rup-tio 
ir- rup-tio 
ta- scrip-tio 1 
con- scrip-tio 
circum- scrip-tio 
cle- scrip-tio 
ift- scrip-tio 
Iper- scrip-tio 
prae- scrip-tio 
pro- scrip-tio 
sub- scrip-tio 
con- sec-tio 
lex- sec— tio 
Jinter- sec-tio 
con- sec-u-tio 2 
sec-u-tio 2 
sec-u-tio 2 
sen-tio 
ser-tio 
ser-tio 



ex- 

per- 

as- 

as- 
Jde- 



Jcon- sT-tio 
in- si-tio 
ab- sol-ii-tio 

dis- sol-ii-tio 

ab- sorp-tio 

circum- spec-tio 

in- spec-tio 

Jsu- spec-tio 

tin- sti-tio 

super- sti— tio 

di- stinc-tio 

ex- stinc-tio 

in- stinc-tio 

Jre- stinc-tio 

con- stT-tu— tio 
de- stl-tu-tio 
in- stT-tu-tio 
re- sti-tu-tio 
{a- stric-tio 

con- struc-tio 
de- struc-tio 
ex- struc-tio 
in- struc-tio 

Job- struc-tio 

sub- struc-tio 

con- tem-p-tio 
at- ten-tio 

con- ten-tio 



in- ten-tio 
Jre- ten-tio 

con- tor-tio 
dis- tor-tio 
at- trac-tio 

con- trac-tio 
de- trac-tio 

dis- trac-tio 
re- trac-tio 
at- trib-u-tio 

dis- trib-u— tio 

ad- vec-tio 

circum- vec-tio 

in- vec-tio 

praeter- vec-tio 

sub- vec-tio 
trans- vec-tio 

con- ven-tio 
co- n-tio 3 
in- ven-tio 

con- vie— tio 
in- unc-tio 

tper- unc-tio 
de- vo-tio 
Je- vol-u-tio 
ad^ us-tio 
amb- us-tio 



a-tio, d-tion-is, a-tion 
In the lists we print the termination without subdivision ; we 
are confessedly inconsistent, and have assigned our reasons in the 
Preface. The a is the final letter of the Stem or Crude Form. 
There seemed some advantage in keeping so large a class by 
themselves, or they might of course have been printed with those 
ending in Hon only. 

i. Simples. 



tac-erv-atio 



adulter-atio 4 



aegr-ot-atio 



1 For ad- scrip-tio. 2 Often written con-sequu-tio, Sec. 

3 This is often written concio, and derived from con and cio or cieo; 
but the better spelling is contio, which is most probably a shortened 
form of con-ven-tio * a coming together,' * a meeting,' ' assembly,' &c. 
Cf. Note 2 on p. 19, and 6 on p. 32. * See adultera, p. 23, n. 3. 



THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 



91 



Genitive ends in nis. Stem ends in n. 



aem-ul-atio 

aequ-atio 

aes-tim— atio 

ag-Tt-atio 

al-i-en— atio 

alt-erc-atio 

am-atio 

amb-ul-atio 

an-im-atio 

apr-ic-atio 

aqu— atio 

ar— atio 

arct-atio 

ar-en-atio 

arg-u-ment-atio 
Jarg-u-t-atio 

ar-iet-atio 

ar-tT-cul— atio 

aug-ur-atio 

aurig-atio 

aus-cul-t-atio 
Jbacch— atio 

bas-i— atio 
| each-inn— atio 
X calig-atio 

eap-Tt-atio 

cap-t-atio 

cast-ig-atio " 

castr-atio 

cat-en— atio 

cav-ill-atio 

*cel-ebr-atio 

cert-atio 

ces-s-atio 

cir-ciil-atio 

clar-ig-atio 

claud-Tc-atio 

coen— atio 

col-ostr-atio 

con-atio 

cre-atio 



crem— atio 

cri-min-atio 

cub-atio 

cunct— atio 

cur-atio 

curv-atio 

damn-atio 

tdec-uri-atio 
dic-atio 
dign-atio 
div-in-atio 
dom-in-atio 
don-atio 
diib-it-atio 
ej-iil— atio 
ep-iil— atio 
equ-it-atio 
err-atio 
fabr-ic-atio 
fasc-in-atio 
fat-ig-atio 
fen-er-atio 
fest-in-atio 
fig-ur-atio 

Jfist-uc— atio 
flag-it-atio 
fluc-tu-atio 
form-atio 

Jform-ic-atio 
fraud-atio 

tfrequ-ent-atio 

Jfric-atio 
fru-ment-atio 
frustr-atio 

Jfru-tic-atio 
fulg-iir-atio 
ful-mln-atio 

Jfund-atio 

Jgel-atio 
gem-in-atio 



y-f \j 



gen-er-atio 



ger-min-atio 

ges-t-atio 

ges-ticiil-atio 

|glom-er-atio 
glor-i-atio 
grad-atio 
grat-ul— atio 
giib-ern-atio 
gns-t-atio 
hab-it— atio 
haes-it-atio 

fhar-iol— atio 

{heb-et— atio 
hort-atio 

J hum— atio 
jac-t— atio 
jac-iil— atio 
lm-ag-Tn-atio 
Tm-Tt-atio 
joc-atio 
lt-er-atio 

jjiig-atio _ 
lac-er-atio 
lacr-ym— atio 
la-ment-atio 

Jlap-id-atio 
lav-atio 
laud-atio 
leg-atio 
lev-atio 

X lib— atio 
lib-er— atio 
ITc-it-atio 
lign— atio 
lit-atio 
loc-atio 
luct-atio 
liic-ubr-atio 
lustr-atio 
lymph-atio 
mach-in-atio 



92 



THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 



Genitive ends in wis. Stem ends in n. 



med-Tt-atio 

X mell-atio 

X met-atio 
migr-atio 

I m in— atio 

X mir-atio 
mis-er-atio 
mod-er-atio 
mod-iil-atio 
mon-str-atio 
mulct-atio 
mur-mur-atio 
mut-atio 
mut-u-atio 
narr-atio 
neg-atio 

Jnic t-atio 
no-min-atio 
no-t-atio 
num-er-atio 

Jnut-atio 
obscur-atio 
occ-atio 
6d-6r-atio 
6p-er-atio 
op-in-atio 
opt-atio 
or-atio 
ord-in-atio 
os-cul-atio 
6v-atia 
pa-bul-atio 
palp-it-atio 
pamp-in-atio 
past-Tn— atio 
peri-clit-atio 

X pi-atio 
plac-atio 



pop-iil-atio 

Iport-acio 
pos-tiil-atio 
po-t-atio 
praed-atio 
prec-atio 
prens-atio 
priv-atio 
prob-atio 
prop-er-atio 
publ-Tc-atio 

{piig-il-atio 
pul-s-atio 
pulv-er-atio 
purg-atio 
put-atio 
quass-atio 

Jquir-it-atio 
rog-atio 

X rog-i t-atio 
ror-atio 
riim-Tn— atio 
runc-atio 
rus-tic-atio 
sal-1-atio 
san-atio 

Jsauc-i-atio 
sed— atio 
sim-iil-atio 
spec-t-atio 
spol-i-atio 
st— atio 
sterc-or— atio 
stim-ul-atio 
stip-atio 
stip-iil-atio 
strang-iil— atio 
siid-atio 



X sug-ill-atio 1 
tab-iil-atio 
tax— atio 
temp-er-atio 
ten-t-atio 

{ter-ebr-atio 
ter-min— atio 

X tert-i-atio 
tes t-atio 
tit-ill— atio 
ti-tub-atio 
tol-er— ation 
trac-t-atio 
trep-id-atio 
triic-id-atio 
tiim-ultu-atio 
turb-atio 

X turb-in-atio 
vac-atio 

Ivac-ill-atio 

Jvag-atio 
vap-or-atio 

X var-i-atio 
"vast-atio 

Jveot-atio 
vel-it-atio 

X vell-Tc-atio 
ven— atio 
ven-er— atio 

Jvent-il— atio 

Jverb-er-atio 

X verm-icul-atio 
verm-in-atio 
vern— atio 
ver-s— atio 
vec-s-atio 
vi-ol-atio 
visc-er-atio 



1 Sometimes written suggillatio. 



THIRD OB, CONSONANT DECLENSION. 



93 



Genitive ends in nis. Stem ends in s. 



ulc-er-atio 
vol-iit— atio 



vuln-er-atio 



vit-atio 
vit-iiper-atio 

Comissatio ' a revel/ is derived by some from the Greek XW| uo; 
(comos) ■ by others it is written com-essatio, and derived from 
com and ed-ere ' to eat.' The quantity favours the former de- 
rivation. 

Inddgatio is supposed by some to be from the old preposition 
indo and ag-ere ; but this is dubious. 

%Meri-di-atio is formed from meridies, and signifies ' a noon- 
day sleep, a siesta/ 

Nundin-atio from nundinae. See p. 21, note 3, 

Vitruvius has the following words : — 

libr-atio mor-atio nod-atio 

line-atio 



ii. Compounds. 






co- 


ac-erv-atio 


dis- 


cep-t-atio 


ex- 


aequ-atio 


con- 


cert-atio 


Jsub- 


a^-it-atio 


Jde- 


cert-atio 


co- 


ag-ment-atio 


con- 


cess— atio 


Jper- 


agr-atio 


con- 


cil-i— atio 


Jco- 


ag-ul-atio 


re-cori- 


cil-i— atio 


ab- 


al-i-en-ati 


Jlatro- 


cin-atio 


}de- 


amb-ul-atio 


ratio- 


cin-atio 


in- 


amb-iil-atio 


vati- 


cin-atio 


ex- 


an-im-atio 


anti- 


cip-atio 


co 


arc-t-atio 


man- 


cip-atio 


tco- 


ass-atio 


e-man- 


cip-atio 


|ex- 


aug-iir-atio 


re- 


cip-er-atio 


in- 


aug-ur-atio 


re- 


cip-roc-atio 


de- 


b-ilit-atio 1 


con- 


cit-atio 


de- 


cac-umin-atio 


in- 


cit-atio 


Jinter- 


cal-atio 


os- 


cit-atio 


tex- 


cav-atio 


re- 


cit-atio 



1 Debilis appears to be contracted from de and habilis. 

2 Also written recuperatio ; the absurd etymology proposed for this 



lvord is noticed in the Preface. 



94 



THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 



Genitive ends in nis. Stem ends in n. 



ac- 


clam-atio 


ab- 


con- 


clam-atio 


de- 


de- 


clam-atio 


in- 


ex- 


clam-atio 


J G " 


re- 


clam-atio 


di-ju- 


suc- 


clam-atio 


prae- 


Jnomen- 


cl-atio 


vin- 


de- 


clar-atio 


tde- 


de- 


clln-atio 


in- 


in- 


clin-atio 


ven- 


con- 


coen-atio 


e- 


Jagri- 


col-atio 


per- 


Jper- 


col— atio 


ex- 


de- 


col— or-atio 


ab- 


per- 


cont— atio 


|inter- 


re- 


cord-atio 


prae- 


in- 


corp-6r-atio 


con- 


tde- 


cort-ic-atio 


tef- 


tpro- 


cras-tin-atio 


de- 


pro- 


cre-atio 


af- 


|dis- 


crep-atio 


of- 


ac- 


cub— atio 


VOCl- 


in- 


cub-atio 


aedi- 


con- 


culc— atio 


ex-aedi- 


oc- 


cult-atio 


m-aedi- 


ac- 


cum-ul-atio 


ampli- 


nun- 


ciip-atio 


grati- 


oc- 


ciip-atio 


lQdi- 


Jac- 


ciir-atio 


Jmodi- 


pro- 


ciir-atio 1 


paci- 


con- 


cur-s-atio 


purT- 


oc- 


cur-s-atio 


sacri- 


per- 


cur-s-atio 


signi- 


pro- 


cur-s-atio 


testi- 


in- 


curv-atio 


veli- 


ac- 


cus-atio 


versi- 


ex- 


cus-atio J 


Icapri- 


in- 


ciis-atio 


re- 


re- 


ciis-atio 


Jtrans- 



dic-atio 

dic-atio 

dic-atio 

dic-atio 

dic-atio 

dic-atio 

dic-atio 

dign-atio 

dign-atio 

di-t-atio 

duc-atio 

egr-m-atio 

erc-it-atio 

err-atio 

f-atio 

f-atio 

farr-e-atio 

fasc-in-atio 

fat-ig-atio 

fec-t-atio 

fen-s-atio 

fer-atio 

fic-atio 

fic-atio 

fic-atio 

fic-atio 

fic-atio 

fic-atio 

fic-atio 

fic-atio 

fic-atio 

fic-atio 

fic-atio 

fie— atio 

fic-atio 

fic-atio 

fic-atio 

frig-er-atio 

fig-ur-atio 



Pro is sometimes long, sometimes short in procuro. 



THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 95 



Genitive ends in nis. Stem ends in n. 


af- firm-atio 


co- hort-atio 


con- firm-atio 


ex- hort-atio 


in- firm-atio 


co- g-it-atio 1 


con- fl-atio 


ex-co- g-it-atio 


in- fl-atio 


Imit- lg-atio 


Isuf- fl-atio 


nav- ¥g-atio 


lef- flag-it-atio 


Iprae-nav- ig-atio 


con- flagr-atio 


Ipraeter-nav- Kg— atio 


de- flagr— atio 


Irem- lg-atio 


in- flamm-atio 


ex- ist*im— atio 


af- flict— atio 


con- jec-t-atio 


con- flic-t— atio 


ob- jec-t— atio 


suf- foc-atio 


lob- Ir-atio 


con- form-atio 


con- jug— atio 


de- form-atio 


ab- jur— atio 


in- form-atio 


con- jur-atio 


re- form-id-atio 


e- jur-atio 


suf- frag-atio 


ob- jurg-atio 


lef- fren-atio 


col- lacr-ym-atio 


Jre- fren-atio 


de- lacr-ym-atio 


Isuf- fren-atio 


ab- laque— atio 


Jre- fut-atio 


col- laud-atio 


Icon- gel— atio 


re- lax-atio 


Icon- gem-in-atio 


de- lec-t-atio 


pro- gen-er-atio 


ob- lec-t-atio 


ag- ger-atio 


ab- leg-atio 


ex-ag- ger-atio 


al- leg— atio 


Ifami- ger-atio 


de- leg-atio 


fmori- ger-atio 


re- leg-atio 


Ire- germ-in-atio 


lal- lev-atio 


con- glob-atio 


e- lev-atio 


con- glut-in-atio 


de- llb-er— atio 


co- gn-atio 


Iper- libr-atio 


i- gno-r-atio 


pol- lic-it-atio 


con- greg-atio 


sol- li'c-it— atio 


ex- Jia.1— atio 


lal- 1 ig-atio 


an- hel-atio 


col- lig-atio 


lex- her-ed-atio 


ob- lig-atio 


ad- hort-atio 


Ire- lig-atio 



Compounded of the prefix con or co, and ag the root of ago. 



96 



THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 



Genitive ends in nis. 


Stem ends in n. 


de- lir— atio 


co- opt-atio 


Job- litt-er-atio 


ad- 6r-atio 


col- 16c— atio 


p£r- 6r-atio 


X inter- luc-atio 


ex- orn-atio 


col- luc-t-atio 


ex- os-ciil-atio 


il- lu-str-atio 


neg- 6t-i-atio 


Ja- mand-atio 


pro- pag-atio 


prae- med-it-atio 


ap- par-atio 


com- mem-or— atio 


com- par-atio 


com- mend-atio 


prae- par-atio 


e- mend atio 


se- par-atio 


com- ment-atio 


r£- past-m-atio 


di- mic— atio 


sup- pgd-it-atio 


com- min-atio 


ap- pell-atio 


e- min— atio 


com- pell-atio 


ad- min-istr-atio 


inter- pell-atio 


ad- mir-atio 


com- pens-atio 


com- mis-e>-atio 


dis- pens-atio 


ac-com- mod-atio 


im- pens-atio 


im- mod-e>-atio 


im- petr-atio 


im- mol-atio 


ex- pi— atio 


de- mon-str-atio 


{com- pll-atio 


com- mor-atio 


ex- pil-atio 


rfe- mun-gr-atio 


J pro- pin-atio 3 


com- mun-ic-atio 


Jcom- plan-atio 


ad- mur-miir-atio 


ex- plan-atio 


pro- mulg-atio 1 


ap- plic— atio 


com- mut-atio 


du- plYc-atio 


im- mut— atio 


con-du- plic-atio 


per- mut— atio 


ex- plic-atio 


trans- mut-atio 


im- plic-atio 


e- narr— atio 


re- plic-atio 


e- nod-atio 


sup- plic— atio 


an- not-atio 


com- plor-atio 


r£- nov-atio 


de- plor— atio 


Jdi- num-e>-atio 2 


ex- plor-atio 


e- num-e^-atio 


im- plor-atio 


m- oc-iil-atio 


de- pop-ul-atio 



1 The etymology of this word i9 explained, p. 4, n. 2. 

J Or denumeratio. 3 The quantity of the preposition is common. 



THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 



97 



Genitive ends in nis. Stem ends in n. 



ap- 

Jas- 

com- 

fde- 

ex- 

ex- 

jcircum- 

Jcom- 

Xper- 

de- 

Jcom- 

de- 

im- 

inter- 

ap- 

com- 

im- 

ex- 

ap- 

re- 

de- 

ex- 

im- 

op- 

pro- 

co- 

pro- 

sup- 

ex- 

am- 

com- 

dis- 

re- 

con- 

in- 

ir- 

ir- 

cor- 

de- 

ab- 

ar- 



port-atio 

port-atio 

port-atio 

port-atio 

port-atio 

pos-tiil-atio 

po-t-atio 

po-t-atio 

po-t-atio 

prav-atio 

prec— atio 

prec-atio 

prec-atio 

pret-atio 

prob-atio 

prob-atio 

prob-atio 

probr-atio 

prop-inqu-atio 

pud-i-atio 

pugn-atio 

pugn-atio 

pugn-atio 

pugn-atio 

pugn-atio 

pul-atio 

puls-atio 

pur— atio 

purg-atio 

piit-atio 

piit-atio 

piit-atio 

piit-atio 

quas-s-atio 

qui-et-atio 

rig-atio 

rit-atio 

nv-atio 

riv— atio 

rog-atio 

rog-atio 



e- 

inter- 
ir- 

pro- 

te- 

con- 

tper- 

fex- 

con- 

ob- 

as- 

con- 

in- 

as- 

re-prae- 

dis- 

con- 

ob- 

as- 

con- 

de- 

as- 

con- 

de- 

as- 

dis- 

in- 

in- 

dis- 

con- 

dis- 

con- 

tin- 

de- 

ex- 

in- 

de- 

a- 

|de- 

a- 

con- 



rog-atio 

rog-atio 

rog-atio 

riig-atio 

rug-atio 

sal-ut-atio 

sal-iit-atio 

scre-atio 

seer— atio 

secr-atio 

sec-t-atio 

sec-t-atio 

sec-t-atio 

sen-t-atio 

s-ent-atio 

ser-t-atio 

serv-atio 

serv— atio 

sev-er-atio 

sid-er-atio 

sid-er-atio 

sign-atio 

sign-ation 

sign-ation 

sim-ul-atio 

sim-iil— atio 

sim-iil atio 

sin-u-atio 

sip-ation 

soc-i-atio 

soc-i-atio 

sol-atio 

sol-atio 

spec-t-atio 

spec-t-atio 

spec-t-atio 

sper— atio 

spern-atio 

spic-atio 

spir-atio 

spir-atio 



98 THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION, 



Genitive ends in NTS.. Stem ends in n. 

ex- spir-atio re- trac-t-atio 

inter- spir-atio con- trec-t-atio 

re- spir— atio de- trec-t-atio 

su- spir-atio ob- trec-t-atio 

re- stagn-atio Jde- trunc-atio 

in- staur-atio Job- trunc-atio 

con- stern-atio ex- tub-er-atio 

Jdi- still— atio con- turb-atio 

in- still— atio dis- turb-atio 

de- stin-atio per- turb-atio 

ob- stin-atio ad- iil-atio 2 

a- stTp-ul-atio J ex- ulc-er-atio 

re- stip-ul-atio ad- umbr-atio 

con- sul-t-atio Jab- und-atio 

ex- sul-t-atio J ex- und-atio 

in- sul-t-atio in- und-atio 

con- sum-m-atio Jred- und-atio 

con- tab-iil-atio ie- va«;-atio 

J re- tard-atio Je- vap-or-atio 

in- teg-r-atio 1 prae- var-Tc-atio 

con- tem-pl-atio nu- n-ti-atio 3 

in- ten-t-atio de-nu- n-ti-atio 3 

os- ten-t-atio e-nu- n-ti— atio 3 

sus- ten-t-atio ob-nu- n-ti-atio 3 

ex- ten-u-atio pro-nu- n-ti-atio 3 

de- ter-min-atio r£-nu- n-ti-atio 3 

de- test-atio a- ver-s-atio 

ob- test-atio con- ver-s-atio 

con- tign-atio tergi- ver-s-atio 

con- tin-u-atio in- vest-ig— atio 

per- trac-t-atio per- vest-ig-atio 



1 Forcellini gives the etymology of integer as in and tago, an old 
word supplanted by tango. This is the explanation of the word ; but 
it is not in any way confirmed by the existence of the word tago, for 
the n of tango is no part of the root, and the student has probably long 
since learnt that it is the root that is found in compound words. The 
root is t, a short vowel, and g ; we find it either as teg, tag, or tog. 

2 This is the way Professor Key divides this word (v. Grammar, 
§ 981, note* ); he gives as the primary meaning ' to wag the tail at/ 
and connects the syllable ill with cauda ' a tail.' Cf. p. 20 ; n. 2. 

3 See p. 32, n. 6. 



THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 



99 



Genitive ends in nis. Stern ends in n. 



Jin- vet-er-atio 
J per- vTg-il-atio 
+de- vit-atio 
Je- vit-atio 
in- vit-atio 
a- voc-atio 



ad- voc-atio 

con- voc-atio 

e- voc-atio 

in- voc-atio 
pro- voc-atio 

re- voc-atio 

jS Greek Compound. 

para- sit-atio 

Infitiatio, sometimes written inficiatio, is a difficult word. 
See p. 9. 

Scarificatio 'a lancing, * scarification,' (printed by mistake 
scarifictio, in Bailey's Forcellini,) is a Greek word. 

Obscuratio a derivative through obscwo from obscurus • which 
Forcellini says "has been explained as from ob and an unused 
adjective scurus, perhaps for c-xtt-pos (skieros) 'shady.'" 



I. Simples. 

Igumm— itio 
mon-itio 

ii. Compounds. 

co- erc-itio 

de- b-itio 1 

in- hib-itio 

ad- mon-itio 

com- mon-itio 

ab- 61-itio 



i. Simples. 
aud-itio 
cond-itio 
dent-itio 
dorm— itio 
esiir-itio 
fm-itio 



i~tio, i-tion-is, i-tion 

pos-itio 
sorb-itio 



ap- par-itio 

ap- pos-itio 

com- pos-itio 

de- pos-itio 

dis- pos-itio 

J ex- pos-itio 

l-tio, i-tion-is, i-tio 

llg-ur-itio 2 
mol-itio 
mun-itio 
Jmut-itio 3 
part-itio 



tu-itio 
vom-itio 



im- pos-itio 

inter- pos-itio 

op- pos-itio 

prae- pos-itio 

pro- pos-itio 

sup- pos-itio 



pet-itio 

pol-itio 

Jquaes-itio 

Jsarr-itio 

sort-itio 



1 A contraction of de and hob of hab-ere. 

2 Sometimes written ligurritio. 



3 Sometimes muttitio. 



100 THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 

Genitive ends in nis. Stem ends in n. 

ji. Compounds. 

ex-in- an-itio com- mun-itio con- quis-itio 

suf- f-itio prae- mun-itio dis- quis-itio 

de- fin— itio ex- ped-itio in- quis-itio 

^in- fin-itio im- ped-itio e- riid-itio 

de- len-itio 1 ap- pet-itio prae- sag-itio 

de- mol-itio re- pet— itio sub- sort-itio 

circum- mun-itio ex- pol-itio 



The Greek word heros, hero-is ( a hero/ stands alone. 



Genitive ends in pis. Stem ends in p, 

ps, p-is, p 
i. Simples. 

daps 2 f. stips 2 f. stirps m. f. 

*hydr-ops 3 m. 

Gryps, gryphis, m., or sometimes gryphus, i, is a Greek word. 
Siremps is a curious word. 

ii. Compounds. 

The following words are compounds of the root cap of cap- ere. 
The vowel found in the stem is i. They are adjectival in 
character, and of either gender. 

tcommunT- ceps man- ceps parti- ceps 

for- ceps 4 muni- ceps prin- ceps 



Genitive ends 


in nis. 


Stem ends in n. 


i. Simples 
far 5 n. 
fur 3 m. f. 


lar 2 


r } r-is, 
m. 


r 

ver 3 n. 


ii. Compounds. 

tri- fur 3 


m. 




ag- ger 2 m. 



1 Also delinitio. 2 The vowel is short in the oblique cases. 

3 The vowel is long in the oblique cases. 

4 For-ceps means ' a pair of pincers or plyers/ for-fex ovforf-ex ( a 
pair of scissors j' in later Latin the word forpex is used in the sense of 
forfex. Is ceps from cap and fex (fees) from fac ; if so, what is the 
meaning of for ? 5 The r is double in the stem. 



THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 101 

Genitive ends in ris. Stem ends in R. 







s, r-is, 


r 




aes n. 




j ug land2 n# 




pus 1 


cms 1 n. 




mas 3 m. 




ros 1 m. 


flos 1 m. 




mos 1 m. 




rus 1 


glis 1 m. 




miis 1 m. f. 




tiis 1 and 4 n. 


jus 1 and 2 


n. 


6s 1 n. 







Hir is used once by Cicero (2 de Fin. c. 8). It is neuter and 
indeclinable, and is explained as for x"P (cheir). It signifies 
* the palm or hollow of the hand used in tasting wines/ 



NEUTERS. 



ar, ar-is, ar 



tbacc-ar 5 luc-ar *nect-ar 

jiib-ar 6 

The indeclinable instar is a difficult word. 



ar, ar-is, ar 



Some of these words look like the neuters of adjectives in arts, 
and some are found terminating in are also. The terminations al 
and ar are closely related. 

i. Simples. 

calc-ar laque-ar piig-ill-ar 7 

Jcochl-e-ar lup-an-ar -f-sol-i-ar 

col-umb-ar pal-e-ar torc-iil-ar 8 

lac-iin-ar 

ii. Compound. ex- em-pl-ar 



i. Simples. 



er, er-is, er 



ac-er n. carc-er m. cic-er n. 

cad-av-er n. 



1 The vowel of the stem is long. 

2 The one signifies ' right,' the other ' broth.' 

3 The vowel of the stem is short. 4 Also written thus. 

5 Also baccaris, is, f. ; sometimes spelt bacchar. 

6 Rarely masculine. 7 More commonly pugillares, m. pi. 
8 Also torcularium (stem torculario) and torculare. 



102 THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 

Genitive ends in ms. Stem ends in r. 

imb-er m. pass-er m. Jtiib-er m. 

lt-er 1 n. pip-er n. tub-er n. 

las-er n. proc-er— es m. ub-er n. 

lat-er m. sil-er n. verb-er n. 

lint— er f. sis-er n. vesp-er 2 m. 

mul-i-er f. sub-er n. voni-er 3 
pap-av-er n. 

-ii. Compound. 

| act- pens-er 4 m. 
The Greek words aer, m. and aether, m. have c long. 

er, (e)r-is, (e)?' 5 
tit-er m. 

ter, t(e)r-is, t(e)?^ 
i. Simples. 

fra-ter m. pa-ter m. ven-ter m. 

ma-ter f. sequ-es-ter 6 m. 

ii. Compound. ac- cip-i-ter 

The Greek words clyster, m. and crater, m. liave the genitive 
in teris. 

is, er-is, er 
cm-is m. f. pulv-is m. f. 



NEUTERS. 

us, er-is, er 
In the last list we saw words with a stem ending in er having 
the nominative in is ; in this list er is seen in the nominative as 
us, and in a following one or also will appear as us. The inter- 
change of r and 5 is very common ; in Latin in er-o esse, ger-o 
ges-si, s-crib-is scrib-er-is, &c. ; in German and English in hase 
hare, &c. ; but see Key's Alphabet, n. 

ac-us JglSm-us 7 6n-us 

foed-us lat-us 6p-ns 

gen-us ol-us pond-us 

1 In the oblique cases the stem it-in-er is used. 

2 And of the O Declension. 3 Also vomis, eris. 

4 In Festus aquipenser is found. 

5 The genitive ends in trls ; we include an e in a parenthesis to in- 
dicate that trls is a contraction of teris. 6 Also sequester, ti\, rn. 

7 And stem glomo, nom. glomus, m. 



THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 103 

Genitive ends in ris. Stem ends in n. 

fraud-us 1 sld-us *ulc-us 

riid-us vell-us vuln-us 

scel-us visc-us 2 

There is an indeclinable opus ( need/ and in Terent. Andr, 
1, 5, 30, per opus occurs. 

or, or-iSy or 

ad-or 3 m. arb-or f. *marm-or n. 

aequ-or n. cast-or m. 



NEUTERS. 



ur, or-is, or 



eb-ur jec-ur 4 rob— ur 5 

fem-ur 

us, or-is, or 
I. Simples. 

corp-us litt-us 7 pign-us 

dec-us nem-us sterc-us 

fac-in-us pec-us temp-us 

fe-n-us 6 pect— us terg-us 
frig-us 

ii. Compound. de- dec-us 

There is a masculine lep-us, stem lep-or, l a hare. 5 



1 Also written rodus and rudus. 

2 More frequently used in the plural, vise-era , &c. 

3 Sometimes the form ad-or occurs. 

4 In the oblique cases the stems jec-in -or and joc-in-or are found, as 
well as the stem jec-or. 

5 The nominative appears in older Latin under the following forms 
also : robor, robus, robos. 

6 Also foenus. The root is foe, as we see it in foe-tus, foe-cundus, 
Sec, and means ' to produce.' So the Greek word is tox-o; \toTtos) from 
the root tsx (tek). 7 Often written litus. 



104 



THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 



MASCULINES. 



The masculines in or are derived from verbs and adjectives ; 
they are abstract nouns, as am-or 'love,' dol-or 'pain/ err-or 
c wander-ing.' It is worth notice that for many of these words 
the nominative is found in os as well as in or, honos, labos, lepos ; 
aud in older Latin, amos, colos, and some others, which after- 
wards always had the nominative in or. 



Jac-or 


fulg-or 


plang-or 


aegr-or 


fur— or 


pxid-or 


alg-or 


hon-or 


Ipiit-or 


Jam-ar— or 


horr-or 


Jputr-or 


am-or 


huni-or 


rig— or 


ang-or 


lab-or 


riib-or 


ard-or 


langu-or 


riim-or 


Jcald-or 


lent-or 


sap-or 


cal-or 


lep-or l 


son-or 


cand— or 


lev-or 2 


sop-or 


can— or 


liqu-or 


splend-or 


clam-or 


liv-or 


squal-or 


clang— or 


Jlur— or 


strid-or 


Jclar-or 


Jmad-or 


Istring-or 


col-or 


Jmarc-or 


stiip-or 


crem-or 


moer-or 


sud-or 


cru-or 


Jnruc-or 


ten-or 


fcurv-or 


nid-or 


tep-or 


dec-or 


Jnigr— or 


terr-or 


dol-or 


nit-or 


tim-or 


err— or 


6d-or 


torp-or 


fav-or 


61-or 


trem— or 


ferv-or 


Jpaed-or 


tiim-or 


foet-or 


pall-or 


vap-or 


frag-or 


pav-or 


vig-or 


frem-or 


Jpigr-or 





TJdor and uvor are met with in Varro in the sense of ' moisture ;' 
the former however with a various reading, sudor. 

Soror and uxor are feminine. 



'&5 



1 More commonly lepos. 



2 Strictly laevor. 



THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 



105 



Genitive ends in kis. Stem ends in r. 



sor, sor*is } sor 

Sor and tor are affixed to verbs and signify a male agent i one 
who — s.' The Saxon er has the same force. Strictly speaking 
in English, er should never be added to a word of Latin origin, 
nor or joined to Saxon roots j but the rule is sometimes broken. 

I. Simples. 



cen-sor 




mes-sor 




ses-sor 




cur-sor 




Jo-sor 




spon-sor 


fos-sor 


- 


plau-sor 


sua-sor 




lu-sor 




tpran-sor 


ton— sor 




men-soi 




Jri-sor 




Jvi-sor 




ii. Compounds. 










ante- 


ces-sor 


col- 


lu-sor 


ob- 


ses-sor 


de- 


ces-sor 


pro- 


mis-sor 


pos- 


ses-sor 


inter- 


ces-sor 


tap- 


plau-sor 


con- 


spon-sor 


suc- 


ces-sor 


com- 


pran-sor 


re- 


spon-sor 


Joc- 


ci-sor 


op- 


pres-sor 


jcon- 


sua-sor 


ante- 


cur-sor 


re- 


pres-sor 


dis- 


sua-sor 


ex- 


cur— sor 


de- 


pul-sor 


a- 


ver-sor 


prae- 


cur-sor 


ex- 


pul-sor 


anim-ad- 


ver-sor 


per- 


cus-sor 


im- 


pul-sor 


de- 


ver-sor 1 


Jex- 


e-sor 


ar- 


ri-sor 


e- 


ver-sor 


de- 


fen-sor 


de- 


ri-sor 


Jsub- 


ver-sor 


pro- 


fes-sor 


Jir- 


ri-sor 


di- 


vi-sor 


t circum- 


fos-sor 


as- 


sen-sor 


Jpro- 


vi-sor 


Jper- 


fos-sor 


con- 


ses-sor 


XI- 


vul-sor 


re-pre- 


hen-sor 














tor, tor-is^ tor 






i. Simpl 


es. 










ac-tor 




da-tor 




fic-tor 




{al-tor 




doc-tor 




Jges-tor 




auc-tor 




due-tor 




lec-tor 




can-tor 




em-p-tor 


lie-tor 




carp-tor 


fac-tor 




Jm5-tor 




cau-tor 




fau-tor 




pac-tor 




cul-tor 




far-tor 




par-tor 





With a various reading diversor. 



106 



THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 



Genitive ends in ms. Stem ends in r. 



pas-tor 
pic-tor 
pis-tor 
po-tor 
quaes-tor 1 
rap-tor 
rec-tor 
rup-tor 
sa-tor 
% sane-tor 



Jsar-tor 
scalp-tor 
scrip-tor 
sculp-tor 
sec-tor 
sec-u-tor 
spre-tor 
sta-tor 
struc— tor 
su-tor 



tec- tor 

tex-tor 

tor-tor 

tri-tor 

tu-tor 

vec-tor 

ul-tor 

unc— tor 

us-tor 



Praetor is generally allowed to be a contraction of prae and it 
the root meaning ' go,' 'the one who goes before;' so ' leader, 
* general.' There is a compound pro-praetor. There is also a 
word circitor 'one who goes round to see all is right,' used in 
later Latin. Whether the t in these words is termination or root 
will be seen by comparing the words in or with these in tor. 

ii. Compounds. 



co- ac-tor 

ex- ac-tor 
J trans- ac-tor 

ac- cep-tor 

in- cep-tor 

inter- cep-tor 

prae- cep-tor 

| re- cep-tor 

de- coc-tor 
agri- cul-tor 
con- di-tor 

ere- di-tor 
per- di-tor 
pro- di-tor 

tra- di-tor 
ven- di-tor 
con- due-tor 

de- due-tor 
per- due-tor 

re- due-tor 

tra- due-tor 
con-stf- m-p-tor 



ex- em-p-tor 

3: per- em-p-tor 
red- em-p-tor 

male- fac-tor 

con- fee-tor 

de- fee-tor 

ef- fee-tor 

in- fee-tor 

inter- fee-tor 

per- fee- tor 

Ire- fee-tor 

con- jec-tor 

laf- flic-tor 

J sub- jec-tor 
ad- ju-tor 
X ad- junc— tor 

legis- lat-or 
Jal- lec-tor 
ob- loc-u-tor 

tsub- mo-tor 

Jpost- par-tor 
re- per-tor 



com- po-tor 
pro- quaes-tor 
cor- rec-tor 
X cor- rep-tor 
e- rep-tor 
cor- rup-tor 
Jvitl- sa-tor 
a- scrip-tor 
circum- scrip-tor 
per- scrip-tor 
' tpro- scrip-tor 
sub- scrip-tor . 
lex- sec-u-tor 
as- ser-tor 
de- ser-tor 
con- si-tor 
in- si-tor 
in- spec-tor 
ex- stinc-tor 
in- stinc-tor 
in- sti— tor 
Icon- sti-tu— tor 



An old form is quaes-itor. 



THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 



107 



Genitive ends in ris. Stem ends in r. 



re- sti-tu-tor 
in- struc— tor 

con- sul-tor 
de- sul-tor 

con- tem-p-tor 



con- tor-tor 
ex- tor-tor 
Jde- trac-tor 
con- vec-tor 
t ad- ven-tor 



in- ven-tor 

inter- ven-tor 

con- vic-tor 

re- unc— tor 



Pollinctor ' the washer of a corpse/ offers matter for conjecture. 



Many of these wor 
1. Simples. 

aem-ul-ator 
Jaen-e-ator 

aes-tim-ator 

ag-it-ator 

al-e-ator 

alt-erc-ator 

am-ator 

amb-ul-ator 

aqu-ator 

ar-ator 
Jarb-or-ator 

aus-cult-ator 

aux-ili— ator 
Jbaln-e-ator 
Jbas-i-ator 

bell-ator 

bucc-in-ator 1 

cad-uce-ator 

cael-ator 
Jcal-ator 
Jcalc-ul-ator 

cal-umn-i-ator 

can-t-ator 

cap-t-ator 
Jcap-ul-ator 

cast-ig-ator 
Jcav-ator 



a-tor, a-tor-is, a-tor 

ds are only found in one or two passages. 



cav-ill-ator 

cess-ator 

circ-iil-ator 

clam-ator 

clav-ator 

cre-ator 

cri-mm-ator 

cunct-ator 

ciir-ator 

dic-t-ator 

dom— ator 

dom-in-ator 
jdorm-it-ator 
jdu-ell-ator 

fabr-Tc-ator 

fa-biil-ator 
jfell-ator 

fen-er-ator 

firm-ator 
|fist-ul-ator 

flag-Tt-ator 

form-ator 

fraud-ator 

fren-ator 

frond-ator 

frii-ment-ator 
Jfulg-iir-ator 



fund-ator 
gen-er-ator 
ges-t-ator 
glad-i-ator 
tgliit-in-ator 
Igrall-ator 
grass-ator 
grat-ul-ator 
gub-ern-ator 
hab-it-ator 
haes-it— ator 
hort-ator 
jac-t-ator 
jac-iil-ator 
im-it-ator 
joc-iil-ator 
jur-ator 
1-ator 
lap-Id-ator 
latr-ator 
laud-ator 
lib-er— ator 
libr-ator 
lic-Tt-ator 
lign-ator 
lit-Tg-ator 2 
tlitt-er-ator 



1 Sometimes written bucinator. 

2 The ig in this, and many, if not all the words in which it appears 
is ag of ag-ere; the word might therefore, with more strictness have 
been placed amongst compounds. 



108 



THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 



Genitive ends in ris. Stem ends in r. 



luct-ator 

mach-in-ator 
Jmact-ator 

mall-e-ator 
Jmand-ator 

merc-ator 

met-ator 

min-istr— ator 

nilr-ator 

mod-er-ator 

mod-iil— ator 

mon-str-ator 

mor-ator 

narr-ator 

na-t-ator 
Jnav-i-cul-ator 
Jnav-Tg-ator 

niig-ator 

obs-6n-ator 

occ-ator 

occul-t-ator 
Jo-mTn-ator 

6p-in-ator 

6r-ator 

orb-ator 

ord-in-ator 

pa-bul-ator 

pac-ator 
Jpalp-ator 
Jpamp-Tn-ator 

patr-ator 

pec-iil-ator 

ii. Compounds. 

lex- ag-it-ator 

> tex-co- g-it-ator 

+sub- ar-ator 

de- bell-ator 

con- cert-ator 



pign-er-ator 

pisc-ator 

pop-ul-ator 

porc-iil-ator 
Ipost-ul-ator 

po-t-ator 

praed-ator 

praed-i-ator 

prec-ator 

prob— ator 

proel-i-ator 

pug-n-ator 

piit-ator 

quadru-pl-ator 

reg-n-ator 

rix-ator 

rog-ator 

runc-ator 

sal-t-ator 

sal-ut— ator 

sarc-Tn-ator 

sci-sc-it-ator 

scort-ator 

scre-ator 

scriit-ator 

sec-t-ator 

se-imn-ator 

sen-ator 

serv-ator 

sign-ator 

sTm-iil-ator 
Jsol-ator 



somn-i-ator 

spec-t-ator 

spec-ul-ator 

Jspic-ul-ator 
spol-i-ator 
spu-t-ator 
stim-iil-ator 
stip-ator 
stip-iil-ator 
stupr-ator 
siid-ator 
siip-er-ator 
temp-er-ator 
ten-t-ator 
test-ator 
trac-t-ator 
turb-ator 
vast-ator 
ven-ator 

Jven-er-ator 

{vent-il-ator 
vest-ig-ator 
vet-er-ator 
vex-ator 
vi-ator 
vi-61-ator 

Ivirg-ator 

Jvit-i-ator 
vit-iiper-ator 
voc-ator 

{vulg-ator 



dis- cep-t-ator 
re- cep-t— ator 
con- cil-i-ator 
re-con- cil-i— ator 
ratio- cm-ator 1 



1 See remarks on p. 49. 



THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 



109 





Genitive ends in ris. 


Stem ends in r. 


vatT- 


cm-ator 


prae- gust-ator 


con- 


cinn-ator 


Jan- hel-ator 


con- 


cit— ator 


ad- hort-ator 


re- 


cTt-ator 


com- iss-ator 3 


nomen- 


cl-ator 


ex- istTm-ator 


Ide- 


clam-ator 


con- jiig-ator 


tpro- 


clam-ator 


con- jiir-ator 


fde- 


clar-ator 


ob- jurg-ator 


pro- 


cre-ator 


legis- 1— ator 


ac- 


cum-iil-ator 


trans- 1-ator 


ac- 


cunct— ator 


de- lib-er-ator 


re- 


ciip-er-ator 


sol- lic-it-ator 


pro- 


cur-ator 1 


al- lig-ator 


con- 


cur-s-ator 


JvTtI- lit-ig-ator 


Jpro- 


cur- s— ator 


com- mend-ator 


ac- 


eiis-ator 


e- mend-ator 


Jsuc- 


cus-ator 


ad- mir-ator 


con- 


demn-ator 


ad- mm-istr— ator 


prae- 


die— ator 


J sub- mm-istr-ator 


Jpro- 


dic-t-ator 


Jim- mol-ator 


Jven- 


di-t-ator 


de- mon-str-ator 


e- 


diic-ator 


prae- mon-str— ator 


Jper- 


egr-in-ator 


Jan- not-ator 


ex- 


erc-it— ator 


in- 6c-ul-ator 


af- 


fec-t— ator 


ex- orn-ator 


of- 


fen-s-ator 


neg- ot-i— ator 


lin- 


fes-t-ator 


J pro- pag-ator 


aedT- 


fic-ator 


Jde- pec-iil-ator 


ampli- 


fic-ator 


decern- ped-ator 


|ludT- 


fic-ator 


ap- pell-ator 


paci- 


fic-ator 


inter- pell-ator 


con- 


firm-ator 


dis- pens-ator 


in- 


fit-i-ator 2 


fendo- per— ator 


pro- 


flig-ator 


im- per— ator 


re- 


form-ator 


J ex- pil-ator 


suf- 


frag-ator 


ex- plan-ator 


Jfami- 


ger-ator 


ex- plic-ator 


1 The quantity of the pro is common. 2 Also inficiator. 


3 Probably a compound of ed of 


ed-o e eat,' and com ; ' a boo: 


companion.' 







110 



THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 



Genitive ends in ris. Stem ends in r. 



sol-ator 

spol-i-ator 

stern-i-ator 

stig-i-ator 

stim-iil-ator 

stip-ul-ator 

stupr-ator 

sul-t-ator 

tem-pl-ator 

ten-t— ator 

ter-mm-ator 

trec-t-ator 

trec-t-ator 

turb-ator 

var-Tc-ator 

nt-i-ator 1 

nt-i-ator 1 

nt-i-ator 1 

nt-i-ator 1 

vest-ig-ator 

vic-i-ator 2 

viv-ator 

voc-ator 

voc-ator 



Vindemiaior is from vindemia, a word composed of the toots 
vin and dem, the latter of which is supposed to be compounded 
of de and em 'to take/ whence dem-ere ' to take away.' 

Indagator is left for consideration. 



ex- 


plor-ator 


Jcon- 


tde- 


pop-ul-ator 


Jde- 


de- 


prec-ator 


Jlecti- 


Jap- 


prob— ator 


prae- 


com- 


prob-ator 


ex- 


ex- 


probr-ator 


a- 


ex- 


pugn-ator 


con- 


op- 


pugn-ator 


prae- 


pro- 


pugn-ator 


con- 


tcom- 


put-ator 


OS- 


dis- 


put-ator 


ex- 


im- 


put-ator 


tde- 


Jir- 


rit-ator 


ob- 


con- 


secr-ator 


con- 


ad- 


sec-t-ator 


prae- 


in- 


sec-t-ator 


co^ 


as- 


sent-ator 


|nu- 


con- 


serv-ator 


+de-nu- 


tob- 


serv-ator 


pro-nu- 


in- 


sid-i-ator 


in- 


de- 


sign-ator 


con- 


ob- 


sign-ator 


con- 


tcon- 


sil-i-ator 


e- 


dis- 


sim-ul-ator 


tpro- 



i. Simples. 

Iciib-itor 
dora-itor 
ffav-itor 
Jfug— itor 



i~tor } i-tor-is, i-tor 

fund-itor 
gen-itor 
jan-itor 
mon-itor 



port-itor 
Ipos-itor 

vin— i tor 
Jvom-itor 



1 The etymology of these words has been already explained. See 
p. 19, n. 2, and p. 32, n. 6. 

2 Explained as con and voc of vox, vocis. 



THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 



Ill 



Genitive ends in ris. Stem ends in r. 



ii. Compounds. 






ex- cub-itor 


Jdir- lb-itor 1 


com- pos-itor 


ex- ere— itor 


prae- b-itor 1 


jim- pos-itor 


pro- gen— itor 


ad- mon- itor 


in- sti-tor 


co- gn— itor 


ap- par-itor 


ad- vers-itor 


de- b-itor 1 


l-tor, I-tor-is, l-tor 




i. Simples. 






aud-itor 


]ig-ur-itor 


pun— itor 


cond-itor 


mol-itor 


quaes-itor 


cup— itor 


mun-itcr 


Jsarr-itor 


dorm-itor 


pet-itor 


Jsort-itor 


te-siir-itor 


pol-itor 


Jsta-bTl-itor 


fin-itor 






ii. Compounds. 






ar- cess-itor 


tde- mol-itor 


con- quis-itor 


- suf- f-itor 


com- pet-itor 


in- quis-itor 


de- len-itor 


Ire- pet-itor 
ur, ur-is, ur 


per- quis-itor 


aug-ur ra. 


gutt-ur n. 


turt-ur 2 m. 


fulg-ur n. 


murm-ur 2 n. 


vul-t-ur 4 m. 


furf-ur m. 


sulph-ur 3 n. 
us, ur-is , ur 




- 


tell-us f. 




Genitive ends in tis. Stem ends in t. 




s, t-is, t 




i. Simples. 






cohors 5 f. 


dens m. 


fors f. 


cos 6 f. 


fons m. 


frons f. 



1 The words debitor, &c. are explained as compounds of the root 
hab of habere. 

2 Or is it mur-mur, tur-tur 1 3 Also sulfur. 

4 Sometimes written voltur ; it is explained as from vol, the root 
meaning ' fly.' 

5 Or chors ; it contains the same root as x°£ T0 ? (chort-os). 

6 The root is cot, the same as is seen in cautes, caut. 



112 THIRD OR, CONSONANT .DECLENSION. 

Genitive ends in tis. Stem ends in t. 

gens f. mons m. pons m. 

lens f. mors f. puis f. 

lis 1 f. nox 2 f. sors f. 

mens f. pars f. spont-is 3 

Dos, dot-is, f. c a gift,' is connected with dare, donum, &c. j 
the root is probably do. 

Frit, an indeclinable word is found in Varro (de R. JR. I. 1, 
c. 48) signifying ' a small grain at the top of an ear of corn/ 
Git or gith is ' a kind of seed, gith/ 

Lac, lact-is, n. l milk/ stands alone, in the way of forming 
the nominative. 

ii. Compounds. 

com- es m. f. inter- pres m. f. prae- stes m. 

im- pes m. ante- stes m. super- stes m. f. 



as, at-is, at 
There are a few words ending in as, e.g. infimas £ a person of 
the lowest class/ summas ' one of the highest/ and so optimates 
often found in Cicero. Compare the adjective forms nostras^ 
vestras, cujas. Penates i household gods/ 

FEMININES. ' 

I. Simples, tas, tat-is, tat 

aes-tas maj-es-tas sobr-ie-tas 

ae-tas 4 Jmed-ie-tas soc-ie-tas 

anx-ie-tas paup-er-tas temp-es-tas 

ebr-ie-tas pie-tas var-ie-tas 

eg-es-tas pot-es-tas ub-er— tas 

fac-ul-tas propr-ie-tas ven-us-tas 

hon-es-tas pub-er-tas vet-us-tas 

jiiv-en-tas sat-ie— tas vol-un-tas 

Jib-er-tas sim-ul-tas 5 vol-up-tas 

1 The vowel of the stem is long ; the old orthography was stlis. 

2 The stem is noct ; in the nominative the t was elided, and cs were 
then written together x. 3 No nominative is found. 

4 The fuller form was aevitas. 

5 This is explained to be ' a secret grudge/ and is derived from simu- 
lare ' to feign'; though Cicero says, "multas simultates partim obscuras, 
partim apertas suscepi." It is more likely to be from simul ' together,' 
like crv(j.-(?>o\-ri (sum-bol-e), which signifies ' a coming together,' and so 
' a hostile encounter': although the Greek word is often used of coming 
together with friendly intentions. 



THIltD OB CONSONANT DECLENSION. 113 

Genitive ends in tis. Stem ends in t. 

ii. Compounds. 

dif- fic-ul-tas im- pie-tas in- sat-ie-tas 

fn- 61-un-tas 1 

i-tas, i-tat-iSy i-tat 

This termination is in many instances affixed to nouns and. 
signifies a collection, as civis ' a citizen/ civitas ' a state / in 
others it is added to adjectives and denotes quality, as acerbus 
c sour/ acerbitas ' sourness;' it has this same force in some cases 
when affixed to substantives, as virgo (stem virgin) 'a maid/ 
virginitas ' maidhood.' Many words will be found with both 
the termination Has and itia. Compare edo, tudo, &c. 

i. Simples. 

ac-erb-itas caec-itas dir-itas 

aequ-itas cal-am-itas dlv-m-itas 

aequ-abil-itas call-Td-itas diu-turn-itas ^ 

aequ-al-itas cap-ac— itas doc-il— itas 

ae-tern-itas cap-tiv-itas fduc-tabil-itas 

ag-il-itas car-itas dur-itas 

al-acr-itas cast-itas ebri-6s-itas 

am-abil-itas cel-ebr-itas ed-ac-itas 

am-oen-itas cel-er-itas em-ac-itas 

Janil-itas civ-itas extr-em— itas 

ant-iqu-itas J ciiv-il-itas f a-bul~os-itas 

apr-ic-itas clar-itas fac-il-itas 

ardu-itas claud-itas Jfa-cund-itas 

ar-id-itas com-itas fam-Tli-ar— itas 

asp-er-itas crebr-itas fat-u-itas 

Jatr-itas cred-ul-itas 2 faust-itas 

atr-6c-itas J criic-iabil-itas fe-cund-itas 

auc-tor-itas crud-el-itas fel-ic-itas 

av-id-itas crud-itas fer-itas 

aus-ter— itas ciip-Td-itas fer-ac— itas 

Jau-tumn-itas cur-ios-itas fer-6c-itas 

brev-itas dens-itas fer-til-itas 

beat-itas dex-ter-itas fest-in-itas 

ben-ign-itas dic-ac-itas ffic-itas 

bon-itas dign-itas fid-el-itas 

1 From nolo, a contraction of non or ne and volo i.e. uolo. 

2 This would strictly come amongst Compounds, for credo is a com- 
pound of do 'I put or give.' 



114 



THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 



Genitive ends in tis. Stem ends in t. 



firm-itas 
foed-itas 
form-os-itas 
fraar-il-itas 

| frater-n-itas 
fmg-al-itas 
fur-ac-itas 
fut-il-itas 
garr-ul-itas 
gen-er-os-itas 
gent-iil-itas 
germ-an-itas 

fgnar-itas 
grac-il-itas . 
grand-itas 
grav-id-itas 
grav-itas 
hab-Tl-itas 

. her-ed-itas 
hil-ar-itas 
hosp-Tt-al-itas 
host-il-itas 
hum-an-itas 
hum-il-itas 
jej-un-itas 
ju-cund-itas 
laev-itas 
larg— itas 
Latm-itas 
lax-itas 
len-itas 
lev-itas 
lib-er-al-itas 
long-inqu-itas 
16qu-ac-itas 

fluc-ulent-itas 

fmagn-itas 

fmag-sini-itas 1 
mal-ign-itas 



mat-ur-itas 
med-iocr-itas 
mend-ic-itas 
mo-bil-itas 

Jniord-ac-itas 
mor-os-itas 
mort-al-itas 
mul-ier-6s-itas 
mut-abil— itas 
necess-itas 

Jnerv-6s-itas 

Jmt-Td-itas 
no-bil-itas 
nov-itas 

fol-e-itas 

Jol-iv-itas 
6p-ac-itas 
6p-im-itas 
op-ulent-itas 
orb-itas 
parc-itas 
parv-itas 
pauc-itas 

fpest Tl-itas 

Jplac-abil-itas 

fpleb-itas 
pop-ul-ar-itas 

-fpond-er-itas 
prav-itas 
prob-abil-itas 
prob-itas 
proc-ac-itas 
proc-er-itas 
prop-inqu-itas 
prosper-itas 
proc-sim-itas 2 
puer-il-itas 
pugn-ac-itas 

fpulcr-itas 



qual-itas 

quant-itas 

rap-ac-itas 

rap-Td-itas 

rar-itas 
Jrauc-itas 
Jriv-al-itas 

rot-und-itas 

rus-tic— itas 

sag-ac-itas 

sal-ac-itas 

sal-ubr-itas 

sanct-itas 

san-itas 

sat-iir-itas 

sed-ul-itas 
Jsegn-itas 

ser-en— itas 

sev-er-itas 

sicc-itas 
fsim-Tl-itas 

sincer-itas 
Jsm-ister-itas 

sod-al-itas 

sol-id— itas 

sol-itas 

spiss-itas 
fsqual-itas 

sta-bil-itas 

ster-il-itas 
Jstren-u-itas 

stup-id-itas 

suav-itas 
Jsurd-itas 

tac-iturn-itas 

tard-itas 

tem-er-itas 

temp-estiv— itas 

ten-ac-itas 



Written maxim-Has or maxumitas. 2 From proximus for propsimus. 



THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 



115 



Genitive ends in tis. Stem ends in t. 



ten-er-itas ver 


-itas 


vit-al-itas 


ten-u-itas vern-i 


L-itas 


vit-i-6s-itas 


tim-Td— itas vic- 


In- 


-itas 


viv-ac-itas 


Jtorv-itas fvTc- 


■iss 


-itas 


un-itas 


tranqu-ill-itas vid 


-u- 


•itas 


vol-iibTl-itas 


vac-u-itas vil- 


-itas 


|vor-ac-itas 


v an-itas vir- 


gin-itas 


urb- an-itas 


vast-itas vir- 


•id- 


-itas 


ut-il— itas 


vel-6c-itas vir 


-11- 


itas 




ii. Compounds. 








m- aequ-al-itas 






in- fid-el-itas 


fgrand- aev-itas 






af- fin-itas 


in- an-itas 






in- f In-itas 


aequ- an-Tm-itas 






-j-con- firm-itas 


magn- an-im-itas 






in- firm-itas 


un- an-Tm-itas 






|siiper- flu-itas 


im- bec-ill-itas 1 






de- form-itas 


de- b-il-itas 2 






in- gen-n-itas 


ex- cels-itas 






i- gno-bil-itas 


con- cinn-itas 






in- hosp-it-al-itas 


in- con- cinn-itas 






in- liiim-an— itas 


ac- cliv-itas 






fprod- Tg-itas 


de- cliv-itas 






amb- lg-u-itas 


pro- cliv-itas 






ex- lg-u-itas 


in- col— um-itas 






in- iqu— itas 


•fcon- cord-itas 






in- jii-cund-itas 


dis- cord-itas 






il- lib-er-al-itas 


se- c€ir-itas 






aequT- libr— itas 


in- dign-itas 






sub- lim-itas 


|in- dulc-itas 






fde- lir-itas 


fin- dulg-itas 






im- man-itas 


per- egr-in— itas 






im- mat-iir-itas 


per- enn-itas 






im- mens-itas 


af- fa-bil-itas 






ad- mlr-abil-itas 


in- fe-cund-itas 






com- mod-itas 


in- fel-ic-itas 






in-com- mod-itas 


tdif- fer-itas 






im- mort-al-itas 


ef- fic-ac-itas 






com- miin-itas 


Also iribecillitas. 






2 See p. 93, n. 1. 



116 THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 

Genitive ends in tis. Stem ends in t. 

im- mun-itas per- spic-u-itas 
im- nmt-abil-itas in- st-abil-itas 

e- norm-itas in- suls-itas 

per- pet-u-itas in- teg-r-itas 

Jim- pigr-itas prft- ter-v-itas 

sim- plic-itas con- tin-u-itas 

im- port-iin-itas ad- ver-s-itas 
op- port-iin-itas di- ver-s-itas 

im- prob-itas per- ver-s-itas 

im- pun-itas uni- ver-s-itas 

im- piir-itas con- vec-s-itas 1 

con- sangu-m-itas de- vec-s-itas 1 

in- san-itas ad- unc— itas 

as- sid-u-itas sub- urb-an-itas 
per- spic-ac-itas in- ut-il— itas 

The following words present some difficulty with regard to 
division : — 

exil-itas obscen-itas pernlc-itas 

obes-itas obsciir-itas subtil-itas 

obliqu-itas 

The first and last are from the adjectives exili (nom. exilis) and 
subtili (nom. subtilis) ; the latter is said to be from sub and tela, 
which is a mere guess ; we are inclined to refer both to the 
-adjective termination His, and so we shall have sub-t-ilis from the 
preposition sub, or the stem subt which appears in subter, subtus; 
unless it be preferable to suppose a termination tills, and then we 
have at once sub-tilis and sub-tilitas. Perhaps the same may be 
hazarded for ex-ilis and ex-ilitas. We must however confess that 
the meaning of the words cannot easily be deduced from this 
etymology. 

Obes-itas, from stem obeso (nom obesus) is said by Facciolati 
to be from ob and ed ' eat/ whence a participle ob-e-sus l eaten 
up/ so 'thin/ and by contrary signification 'fat' (?). 

Obliqu-itas, from obliquo, (nom. obliquus) ; some divide the 
adjective, ob-liqu-us, others o-bliqu-us, and compare the Greek 
word ■n'kay-iog (plag-ios). 

Obscenitas and pernicitas are from obscen-o (nom. obscenus) 
and pernio (nom. pernix). But the derivation of those adjectives 
is doubtful. 

Obscuritas, see p. 99. 
J Written with $. 



THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 



117 



Genitive ends in tis. Stem ends in t. 



ma, mat-is, mat 

These are all Greek words ; ma in Greek has the same force as 
men in Latin. See p. 20, 61, and 77. 

1. Simples. 



cer-o-ma n. 
dog-ma n. 

11. Compounds. 

di- plo-ma n. 



po-e-ma n. 
stem-ma n. 



stig-ma n. 



en- thum-e-ma n. 



ab-i-es f. 
par-i-es f. 

1. Simples. 

*cel-es m. 
*leb-es m. 



es, et-is, et 
seg-es f. 

es, et-is, et 



f magn-es 
qui-es f. 



teg-es f. 



*tap-es 1 m. 
* trap-^etes 2 m. 



11. Compounds. 

tin- qui-es re- qui-es 

For the word indigetes several derivations are proposed ; the 
most likely is ind or indo, and ag. 



I. Simples. 

al-es m. f. 
caesp-es m. 
equ-es m. 
fom-es m. 
gurg-es m. 
hosp-es 3 m. 

II. Compound. 



es, it-is, it 

merg-es f. 
mil-es m. 
palm-es m. 
ped-es m. 
popl-es m. 
satell-es m. 

com- mil-es m. 



sosp-es 3 m. f. n. 

stip-es m. 
Jtarm-es m. 
Jterm-es m. 

tram-es m. 

vel-ites m. 



1 Also tapete, is, and tapetum, i, n. 

2 In the singular we find trapetus,m. and trapetum, n. (stem trapeto). 

3 Hospes and sospes are very possibly the same word ; another expla- 
nation will be seen under hospita p. 2, and sospita p. 3, n. 4. 



\ 
118 THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 



Genitive ends in tis. Stem ends in t. 

lit, it-is, it 
i. Simple. cap-ut n. 

ii. Compounds. 

oc- cip-ut n. sin- cip-ut n. 

is, it-is, it 
- Quir-ites 1 

as, ant-is, ant 
i. Simples. 

*eleph-as m. *gig-as m. 



ii. Compound. 



*a- dam-as m. 
ans, ant-is, ant 



i. Simples. 

Jbal-ans m.T. sext-ans m. Jtetr-ans m. 

dodr-ans m. 

[i. Compound. 

in- fans m. f. n. 

ens, ent-is, ent 
i. Simples. 

cli-ens m. or-i-ens m. riid-ens m. 

leg-ens m. f. par-ens m. f. tri-ens m. 

med-ens m. 

ii. Compounds. 

oc- cid-ens m. faedi- tu-ens 2 m. 

ad- ol-esc-ens m. 

on, ont-is, ont 
*bis-on m. f. 



1 See also p. 67. 
2 Occurs in Lucret. 6, 1273 ; aedituus is more common. 



THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 119 

Genitive ends in tis. Stem ends in t. 

os f ot-is, ot 
i. Simples. 

nep-os 1 m. sac-erd-os m. 

ii. Compounds. 

ab- nep-os m. pro- nep-os m. 

us, iit-iSf lit 
sal-us f. 

tus, tut-iSj tut 
Tus and tas are essentially the same termination . 

sen-ec-tus f. serv-T-tus f. vir-tus f. 



Genitive ends in vis. Stem ends in v. 
bos 2 m. nix 2 f. 



END OF CONSONANT DECLENSION. 



1 ' A grandson. 3 We think that nepos in the sense of ' a profligate/ 
may he ne-pos * worth-less,' from the root pot which denotes ' power/ 
or ' value'. 2 The vowel of the stem is short. 



FOURTH OR U DECLENSION, 



MASCULINES. 

Nominative ends in us. Stem ends in u. 

The Fourth Declension is called the U Declension, because in it 
the letter u is used to connect the case endings to the former part 
of the word. 

It will be seen that in many cases there are two words with 
the same signification, one in us, us, m., the other in io, ion-is, f. 
See under sion, p. 85. 

i. Simples. 



ast-us 
t cast-us 


t Tt-us 
lac-us 


port-us 
sm- us 


curr-us 

di-u l 

grad-us 


met-us 
pen-us 2 


spec-us 3 
ton-itr-us 4 



ii. Compounds. 

in- cest-us 5 co- Tt-us 6b- Tt-us 

ab- lt-us ex- Tt-us red- Tt-us 

ad- Tt-us in- Tt-us trans- Tt-us 

amb- lt-us inter- Tt-us im- pet-us 

circu- lt-us intro- Tt-us angT- port-us 6 



1 Occurs only in this form. 

2 And fern. ; also penu, n. There are also peno (nom. penus), m., 
and peno (nom. penum), n. j also penor (nom. penus), n. 

3 And feminine. Also specu, neuter. 

4 And neuter tonitru. Also stem tonitro (nom. tonitrum), n. 

5 Also of the Declension, neuter. 

6 Also stem angi-porto (nom. angiportus). 



FOURTH OR U DECLENSION, MASCULINES. 121 

FEMININES. 

Nominative ends in us. Stem ends in u. 

port-Tc-us 
querc-us 
socr-us 
trib-us 



A Compound pro-nu-rus occurs in Ovid. 

A word Quinquatrus, fern, plur., as well as Quinquatria, neiit. 
plur., is found, signifying ' a feast of Minerva ;' perhaps so called 
from having lasted five days; and Varro gives similar words, 
Triatus, Sexatrus, Septimatrus. 



ac-us 


man-us 


an-us 1 


myrt-us 2 


col-us 2 


noct-u 4 


dom- us 2 


nur-us 


id-us 3 


pin-us 2 



NEUTERS. 

Nominative ends in u. Stem ends in u. 

corn-u fpec-u test-u 5 

gel-u sex-u ver-u 

gen-u 



MASCULINES. 

Nominative ends in sus. Stem ends in su. 

i. Simples. 

au-sus luc-sus 6 fquas-sus 

ca-sus mis-sus ri-sus 

cen-sus mor-sus sec-sus 7 

cur-sus nec-sus 6 sen-sus 8 

flec-sus 6 ni-sus spon-sus 

fluc-sus° or-sus Jsua-sus 

gres-sus pas-sus fton-sus 

jus-sus plau-sus ver-sus 

lap-sus pres-sus vi-sus 

lii-sus pul-sus ii-sus 

An old form of the genitive is found, anu-is. 

2 Also of the O Declension, feminine. 

3 Used only in the plural. 4 Found only in this form. 

5 Indeclinable. Also testo (nom. testum). 

6 Written with x, 7 There is also sexu, n. 

8 It might be a question whether the s belongs to the root or termi- 
nation, whether it is not a substitute for the t seen in the imperfect 
tenses sent-io, sent-iam, &c. j on the other hand the participle sensus 
might be a contraction for sent-sus, or the t might have joined itself to 
the root like the d in tendo, 

M 



122 FOURTH OR U DECLENSION, — MASCULINES. 



Nominative ends in sus. Stem ends in su. 



ii. Compounds. 

oc- ca-sus 

abs- ces-sus 

ac- ces-sus 

con- ces-sus 

de- ces-sus 

dis- ces-sus 

ex- ces-sus 

pr5- ces-sus 

re- ces-sus 

se- ces-sus 

sue- ces-sus 

Jin- ci-sus 

ac- cur-sus 

con- cur-sus 

de- cur-sus 

dis- cur-sus 

ex- cur-sus 

in- cur-sus 

inter- cur-sus 

oc- cur-sus 

prae- cur-sus 

pro- cur-sus 

re- cur-sus 

trans- cur-sus 

con- cus-sus 



inter- 
per- 
re-per- 
fsuc- 
in- 
Jof- 
Jcircum- 
Jin- 
Jde- 
Jin- 
ag- 
con- 
di- 
e- 
in- 
pro- 
re- 
ttrans- 
Jad- 
al- 
lil- 
e- 
Jinter- 
per- 
Jtrans- 



cus-sus 

cus-sus 

cus-sus 

cus-sus 

cii-sus 

fen-sus 

flec-sus 1 

flec-sus 1 

fos-sus 

fii-sus 

gres-sus 2 

gres-sus 

gres-sus 3 

gres-sus 

gres-sus 

gres-sus 

gres-sus 

gres-sus 

hae-sus 

lap-sus 

lap-sus 

mer-sus 

mis-sus 

mis-sus 

mis-sus 



|an- 
tcon- 
e- 
ex- 
am- 
% circum- 
com- 
Jim- 
com- 
op- 
ap- 
im- 
re- 
de- 
ir- 
a- 
de- 
te- 
as- 
con- 
con- 
a- 
dl- 
pro- 
Jab- 



nec-sus 1 

nec-sus 1 

nic-sus 1 

or-sus 

plec-sus 1 

plec-sus 1 

plec-sus 1 

plec-sus 1 

pres-sus 

pres-sus 

pul-sus 

pul-sus 

pul-sus 

ri-sus 

rl-sus 

scen-sus 

scen-sus 

scen-sus 4 

sen-sus 

sen-sus 

ses-sus 

sper-sus 

vi-sus 

Vl-SUS 

ii-sus 



Nominative ends in tus. Stem ends in tc. 

I. $i??iples. 

ac-tus caes-tus coep-tus 

aes-tus can-tus coe-tus 6 

ar-tus 5 cap-tus cul-tus 

auc-tus cinc-tus da-tus 



1 We have divided the x to make the derivation more evident. 

2 And an old form aggrettus is found. 

3 Some read degressus. 4 Found only in the ablative singular. 

5 Only used iu the plural ; perhaps the root ar is the same with ap 
( fit/ 'join,' in the Greek «p w (ar-o), &c. 

6 Perhaps a form of co-it-us. 



FOURTH OR U DECLENSION, — MASCULINES. 123 



Nominative ends in tus. Stem ends in tu. 



cluc-tus 
fas-tus 
fe-tus 1 
fle-tus 
flic-tus 
fluc-tus 
fruc-tus 
ges-tus 
gus-tus 
haus-tus 
jac-tus 
ic-tus 
tlinc-tus 
luc-tus 
mix-tus 2 

ii. Compounds. 



ad- 
im- 
co- 
Jsub- 
|ad- 
con- 
toc- 
con- 
re- 
pr5- 
t de- 
li: con- 
in- 
|in- 
aquae- 
Jinter- 



ac-tus 

ac-tus 

ac-tus 

ac-tus 

auc-tus 

cen-tus 

cen-tus 

cep-tus 

cep-tus 

cinc-tus 

coc-tus 

cre-tus 

cul-tus 

dii-tus 

duc-tus 

due— tus 



mo-tus 

na-tus 3 

nu-tus 

or— tus 

par-tus 

pas-tus 

planc-tus 

p5-tus 

quaes-tus 

ques-tus 

rap-tus 

ric-tus 

ri-tus 

rue— tus 

sal-tus 



Jin- 
co- 

pro- 
su- 

tol- 
af- 
de- 
ef- 

pro- 

con- 
an- 

Ja£- 
iisus- 

tag- 
con- 
sug- 



duc-tus 

m-p-tus 6 

m-p-tus 6 

m-p-tus 6 

fac-tus 

fec-tus 

fec-tus 

fec-tus 

fec-tus 

flic-tus 

frac-tus 

fric-tus 

fruc-tus 

ges-tus 

ges-tus 

ges-tus 7 



sa-tus 

sing-ul-tus 

sT-tus 

sta-tus 
Jsuc-tus 

tac-tus 

teg-s-tus 4 
Jtinc-tus 

tor-tus 

trac-tus 

tri-tus 

tiim-ul-tus 

vic-tus 
Junc-tus 

vul-tus 5 



am- 

|ad- 

con- 

de- 

Jdis- 

te- 

Tn- 

inter- 

ob- 

pro- 

tsub- 

tra- 

Jre- 

Jcol- 

de- 

il- 



ic-tus 

jec-tus 

jec-tus 

jec-tus 

jec-tus 

jec-tus 

jec-tus 

jec-tus 

jec-tus 

jec-tus 

jec-tus 

jec-tus 

la-tus 

lec-tus 

lec-tus 

lec-tus 8 



2 And mis-tus. 
4 Written textus. 



1 Older foe-tus. See p. 21, n. I. 
3 Used only in the ablative. 

5 And older, vol-tus. 

6 See p. 88 for the explanation of these words. 

7 Also stern suggesio (nom. suggestum), neuter. 

6 In this word, lee is from the root lac 'draw' which appears in 
e-lic-io, il-lic-io, &c. 



124 FOURTH OR U DECLENSION, MASCULINES. 



intel- 
neg- 

Jil- 
ab- 

Jco- 

tex- 
Jsiib- 

|con- 

Jin- 

a- 

circuin- 

con- 

de- 

in- 

pro- 

re- 

su- 



Nominative ends in tus. Stem ends in tu. 

lec-tus 

lec-tus 

li-tus 

or-tus 

or-tus 

or-tus 

or-tus 

ques-tus 

si-tus 

spec-tus 

spec-tus 

spec-tus 

spec-tus 

spec-tus 

spec-tus 

spec-tus 

spec-tus 



Itran- 


spec-tus 


prae- 


tec-s-tus 1 


Jdi- 


stinc-tus 


in- 


tinc-tus 


Jex- 


stinc-tus 


con- 


trac-tus 


in- 


stinc-tus 


ob- 


tu-tus 


Jsub- 


stra-tus 


at- 


tri-tus 


tin- 


struc-tus 


Job- 


tri-tus 


as- 


sul-tus 


Jad- 


vec-tus . 


Jin-con- 


sul-tus 


|e- 


vec-tus 


at- 


tac-tus 


Jin- 


vec-tus 


con- 


tac-tus 


Jsub- 


vec-tus 


con- 


tem-p-tus 


ad- 


ven-tus 


tdis- 


ten-tus 


con- 


ven-tus 


tin- 


ten-tus 


e- 


ven-tus 


ob- 


ten-tus 


inter- 


ven-tus 


os- 


ten-tus 


pro- 


ven-tus 


con- 


tec-s-tus 1 


super- 


ven-tus 


Jin- 


tec-s-tus 1 


con- 


vic-tus 



a-tus, a-tu 

Not only is atus added to verbal roots (as already mentioned, 
p. 120 and 85), but in one or two instances it is affixed to ad- 
jectives and denotes a dignity, as prim-us, prim-atus, ' the 
prim-acy.' 

i. Simples. 



aem-ul-atus 
aes-tim-atus 

X an-im-atus 
arm-atus 
aug-iir-atus 

Jaux-Tli— atus 
bal-atus 

Jcael-ib-atus 
calc-e-atus 

tcalc-itr-atus 
cent-iiri— atus 

I cent-urion-atus 
cib-atus 
criic-i-atus 



jdec-iiri-atus 
fdec-urion-atus 

dom-m-atus 
tdiic-atus 

ej-ul-atus 

equ-it-atus 

err— atus 

fam-ul-atus 
fflam-m-atus 

fl-atus 
Ifric-atus 
jfrustr-atus 

germ- in— atus 

gest-atus 



gust-atus 
hi-atus 
hort-atus 
jac-t-atus 
lan-i-atus 
latr-atus 
luct-atus 
lymph-atus 
Jmac-t-atus 
mag-is tr-atus 
mand-atus 
me-atus 
med-ic-atus 
mem-6r-atus 



Written with x„ 



FOURTH OR U DECLENSION, MASCULINES. 125 



Nominative ends in tus. Stem ends in tu. 



merc-atus 


ped- 


lt-atus 


sen-atus 2 


narr-atus 


pell- 


ic-atus 


splr-atus 


nutr-ic-atus 


pisc- 


-atus 




X strang-iil-atus 


Jobs-6n-atus 


Jplor- 


-atus 




X summ-atus 


od-or-atus 1 


pos- 


tiil-atus 


trac-t-atus 


X op-m-atus 


pot-i 


mt-atus 


trib-un-atus 


fop-tion-atus 


prlm-atus 




trim-atus 


\ 6r-atus 




pug- 


ll-atus 


ven-atus 


orn-atus 




X quadr-im- 


atus 


verb-er-atus 


Jpalp-Tt-atus 


rep-1 


;-atus 




ul-iil-atus 


par-atus 




rog- 


atus 




voc-atus 


Jpast-m-atus 


sal-t 


-atus 




vol-atus 


pec-ul-atus 


Jscre- 


-atus 




vol-ut-atus 


X ped-atus 


2 










ii. Compounds. 










ar- 


bit-r-atus 




tal- 


leg-atus 


Jcon- 


cil-i-atus 






eom- 


me-atus 


prin- 


cip-atus 






ap- 


par-atus 


{ de- 


clin-atus 






ex- 


plTc-atus 


it con- 


ciib-in-atus 




ne- 


pot-atus 3 


F- 


dic-atus 






de- 


spic-atus 


tcon- 


disc-ipul- 


-atus 




su- 


splr-atus 


af- 


f-atus 






con- 


siil-atus 


{VOC1- 


fer-atus 






pro-con- 


sul-atus 


pontT- 


fic-atus 






con- 


tem-pl-atus 


signi- 


fic-atus 






prae- 


teu-t-atus 


af- 


fl-atus 






decem- 


vir-atus 


in- 


fl-atus 






duum- 


vir-atus 


tper- 


fl-atus 




i 


quinque- 


vir-atus 


Jpro- 


fl-atus 






septem- 


vir-atus 


re- 


fl-atus 






trium- 


vir-atus 


tef- 


flag-it-atus 




vigintT- 


vir-atus 


Jre- 


fut-atus 






jin- 


vi-t-atus 


com- 


lt-atus 






ad- 


vol-atus 


com- 


lt-i-atus 






tin- 


vol-atus 



1 Connected with ol-ere to ' smell ;' there are many examples of the 
interchange of I and d. 

2 Of the Second Declension also. 3 See p. 119, n. 1. 



126 FOURTH OR U DECLENSION, MASCULINES 



Nominative ends in tus. Stem ends in tu. 



i. Simples. 

crep-itus 
cub-itus 
Jdom-itus 
frem-itus 
gem-itus 

ii. Compounds. 

con- cub-itus 

Jin- cub-itus 

J re- cub-itus 

se- ciib-itus 

ex- erc-itus 



i-tus, i-tu 



hab-itus 
hal-itus 
mon-itus 
pos-itus 



an- hel-itus 
ad- mon-itus 
Iprae- mon-itus 
ap- pos-itus 
Jdis- pos-itus 



son-itus 
spir-itus 
strep-itus 
vom-itus 



inter- pos-itus 
op- pos-itus 
su- spir-itus 
con- tu-itus 



i. Simples. 

aud-itus 
Jbarr-itus 
bull-itus 
grunn-itus 
hinn-itus 

ii. Compounds. 

ac- c-itus 
ar- cess-itus 



i-tus, Itu 

mug-itus 
pet-itus 
Jprur-itus 
quaes-itus 



Jsuf- f-itus 



sort-itus 
tinn-itus 
vag-itus 
vest-itus 



ap- pet-itus 



END OF U DECLENSION. 



FIFTH OR E DECLENSION, 



FEMININES. 
Nominative ends in es. Stem ends in e. 

i. Simples. 

di-es 1 r-es 2 sp-es 2 

fid-es J scab r-es 

ii. Compounds. 

men- di-es 3 quoti- di-e 4 



Nominative ends in ies. Stem ends in ie. 

This termination should be compared with ia (p. 8) ; several 
words are used both ways, as barbaria, barbaries, &c. 

i. Simples. 

ac-ies gl ac-ies rab-ies 

bar-bar-ies luc-siir-ies 5 . san-ies 

cae-sar-ies fmac-er-ies scab-ies 

car-ies m ac-ies ser-ies 

e-siir-ies mat-er-ies spec-ies 

fac-ies paup-er-ies temp-er-ies 

ii. Compounds. 

con- ger-ies col- liiv-ies %svh- luv— ies 

siiper- fic-ies e- liiv-ies per- nic-ies 

ef- fig-ies di- liiv-ies fpro- sic-ies 

pro- gen-ies il- liiv-ies -fde- sid-ies 

in- gliiv-ies tpro- luv-ies in- temp-er-ies 

al- liiv-ies 

1 Also masculine. 

2 The stems are re and spe. Ennius has a nom. pi. speres. 

3 Always masculine. Cicero has medi-dies. 

4 Found only in the ablative ; it is sometimes written cotidie. 

5 Written luxuries. 



128 FIFTH OR E DECLENSION, — FEMININES. 



Nominative ends in ies. ^ Stem ends in IE. 

it-ies, it-ie 

Compare the termination itia (p. 13). Lucretius and the older 
writers seem to prefer ities to itia. 

i. Simples. 

Jam-ar-ities 
}am-ic-ities 

av-ar-ities 

calv-ities 

can-ities 

dur— ities 
flan-ities 



moll— ities 
mund-ities 
no-t-ities 
pigr-ities 
plan-ities 
X pull— ities 
saev-ities 



scabr-ities 

segn-ities 

spurc-ities 

ftard-ities 
trist-ities 
vafr-ities 

I vast-ities 



ii. Compounds. 

im- baln-ities 



ne- qu-ities 



END OF E DECLENSION. 



INDEX OF TERMINATIONS. 



FIRST OR A DECLENSION. 



CA 



aca ; tea ; tea ; unca; 



sea', aca-. 



DA 



ida. 



EA 



IA 



antia, entia, entia ; 
nia, onia, monia ; 
ria, aria ; itia. 



LA 



cla ; eZfo, z'Z/«; 
oZa, eo/a, iola; 
ida, ediila, bula, 
cilia, uncula. 



PAGE 

1-6 
6 



7 
-14 



14-20 



PAGE 
MA 20 

na 20-23 

ena, lena ; ina; 
ina; umna; enna; 
ona'y erna; una. 

ra 23-26 

bra ; era ; tra ; 
ura, sura, tar a. 

sa 25-27 

ta 26-28 

ua or va 27 



SECOND OR 

PAGE 

us 28-32 

cus 31 

teas ; leus ; ileus. 
etjs 32 

ius 32-35 

drius; erius; urius. 
lus 35-39 

ellus, i/lus, ullus ; 

eolus, iolus ; 
ulus, cuius, uncidus, 

pidus. 



DECLENSION. 

PAGE 

nus 39 

anus ; inus ; inus ; 
umnus ; onus. 

r or rus 40-42 

erus, er ; ter. 

sus 41 

TTJS 41 

vus 41 

um 42-45 



130 



INDEX. 



Second or Declension (continued). 



CUM. 



EUM. 



IUM 



cimum i monium ; 
avium ; orium ; 
tium, itium. 



LUM. 



ellum, ilium; 
olum, eolum, iblum ; 
tilum, biilum, ciilum. 



PAGE 




PAGE 


44 


NUM 


56 


44 


inum; Inum; urnum. 




RUM 


56-59 


45-52 


brum; crum; erum; 
trum; strum. 






SUM 


58 


52-56 




59-63 


etum; entum,mentum. 








62 




ivum. 





THIRD DECLENSION. 

Not increasing in the Genitive. I Declension. 



es and is 


PAGE 

65-68 
67 

68 


LE 


PAGE 

68-70 


LIS 


ale ; ele ; tie ) He. 




alis ; elis ; His. 


69 




are; stre. 





Increasing in the Genitive. Consonant Declension. 



Genitive ending in 

BIS 

bs-bis. 



CIS 



wis; ix-icis, trix- 
tricis ; ox~ocis. 

dis 

s-dis ; as-ddis ; es- 
edis ; is-idis ; os- 
odis ; us-udis ; 
us-udis ; ys-ydis. 

GIS 

x-gis. 



PAGE 

70 
70-75 



74-76 



75 



LIS 



l-lis; l-llis; al-alis, 
il-ilis. 



MIS 

m.s-mis. 



PAGE 

75-77 



76 



nis 76-101 

n-nis ; en-inis, is- 



mis ; 
men-minis. 



umen- 



o-inis, do-dinis, edo- 
edinis, ido-tdinis, 
udo-iidinis, tudo- 
tudinis ; 



INDEX. 



131 



Third Declension (continued). 



PAGE 



nis (continued) 

dgo-dginis, igo- 
iginis, ugo-uginis; 

on-onis ; io-ionis ; 
mo-mdnis ; sio- 
sionis, tio-tionis, 
dtio-dt'ibnis, itio- 
itidnis,itio-itionis. 



pis . . . . 

ps-pis. 



100 



bis 100-112 



r-ris, s-ns 



PAGE 



ar-dris, 

er-eris, 

tris, 

eris ; 

or-oris, 


ar-dris ; 
er-ris, ter- 
is-eris, us- 

ur-oris, us- 


ens-entis ; on- 
ontis, 
os-otis ; us-utis, tus- 
tutis. 

TIS 


oris ; 


s-vis ; x-vis. 



bis (continued) 
or-oris, sor-soris, 

t or- 1 oris, ator- 

atoris, itor-itoris, 

itor-ltoris ; 
ur-uris ; us-uris. 

tis 111-120 

s-tis ; as-dtis, tas- 

tdtis, itas-itdtis, 
ma-mdtis ; es-etis ; 

es-etis ; 
es-itiSy ut-itis ; is- 

itis ; 
as-antis ; ans-antis, 



119 



FOURTH OR U DECLENSION. 



PAGE 

us 120-122 

u. 
sus 121-123 



TUS 

dtuSf itus ; itus. 



PAGE 

122-127 



FIFTH OR E DECLENSION. 



ES. 



PAGE 

127 



IES . . . 

ities. 



PAGE 

,127-128 



ERRATA, 



Page 2, Column 3, dele sagitta, it is found under ta. 

3, „ 1, read sosp-it-a instead of *sospit-a. Cf. hosp-it-a, 
and see p. 117, n. 3. 

8, „ 2, dele materia. 

8, „ 2, read mater-ia instead of mater-ia. 

9, „ 1, insert \ef-fig-ia. 

18, „ 2, dele miracula and the note. 

19, Note 2, read provintia instead of provincia. 
40, read er, ero instead of er or ems, ero. 

66, Column 1, insert conch-is. 

67, insert bes, bessis, with tressis, &c. 

71, insert Mix. 

77, read sanguis, m., for sanguis, f. 

89, „ 2, insert re-co-gm-tio. 

The difficult words ampulla, indutiae, and cdballus have also been 
unintentionally omitted. 











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